Effectiveness of the Henna Application in Patients With Hand-Foot Syndrome: Nested Case-Control Study
Effectiveness of the Henna Application in Patients With Hand-Foot Syndrome: Nested Case-Control Study
Introduction: There is an explanation that there is a connection between the application of henna and the occurrence of hand-foot syndrome, and the purpose and progression of this interaction. This nested case-control study of participants who underwent capecitabine therapy were breast and colorectal cancer was carried out to prospectively investigate the relationship of hand-foot syndrome with the henna application.
Method: Nested Case-Control (NCC) design within a longitudinal observational prospective cohort study in the setting of an oncology clinic. The primary outcome was hand-foot syndrome from in-hospital interviews and medical record reviews. In the data collection process, 84 patients received capecitabine and two patients (1:2) who met the inclusion criteria served as the control group (n=56, who received the test) for each case (n=28). The case and control groups were followed for 12 weeks. HFS-14 Scale and EORTC QLQ-C30 Quality of Life were conducted on the baseline, first follow-up (T1=day 21), and second follow-up (T2=day 63) cycles of chemotherapy. We used a non-parametric signed-rank test to test the median of paired differences.
Capecitabine is among the most effective treatments for metastatic or late-stage breast cancer. It is also another treatment approach for colorectal cancer. Capecitabine is a high-concentration 5-FU prodrug planned for thymidine phosphorylase enzyme primarily for two cancer types [1, 2]. Hand-foot syndrome (HFS), increasing skin pigmentation, diarrhea, nausea-vomiting, and fatigue are common side effects of the capecitabine treatment. According to phases 1 and 2 studies, the most common side effect of capecitabine is HFS, with a frequency that ranges from 10 to 50.7% [3]. HFS is a serious condition characterized by the accumulation of symmetrical, sharply contained, erythematous, edematous plaques, particularly on the lateral parts of the fingers, the thenar and hypothenar processes, after a symptomatic period in which scorching occurs. The soreness experienced by the patients limits their daily routines [4], and their quality of life is negatively impacted because of their incapacity to function in their hands and feet.
Hand-foot syndrome has been observed to occur during the second cycle of treatment [5]. There remains no currently effective treatment for this side effect today. Previous case reports indicate that henna may successfully safeguard against and halt the evolution of HFS [6, 7]. Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) as a plant of the Myrtales order, classified under the Lythraceae family. Henna possesses a 9000-year history and has played a crucial role in herbal treatment since the Ayurvedic era [8]. Henna is a pigment derived from the desiccated bark and leaf of "Lawsonia inermis." Since the Lawsone molecule can combine with proteins, it is frequently used to color nails, the epidermis, hair, and clothing. Henna leaves are powdered, diluted in water or oil to make them stronger, and afterward applied to the skin, penetrating through the upper layer of the skin and turning a dark red color. It is a healthy and without side effects application. The growth and development inhibition of the extract on Candida albicans was identified in studies utilizing water, methanol, and chloroform extraction of henna leaves, and its antifungal activity was explained [9]. Until now, Hosein and Zinab's study revealed that water and methanol extracts of henna plant leaves possessed significant antioxidant qualities [8]. In another investigation that looked at antioxidant activity, the leaves were extracted with various solvents, and it was observed that chloroform extraction constructed the most activity [10].
Among the chemical components of the henna plant, Lawsone (LW), MCF-7, Caco-2, BJ, and Keratinocyte cells were evaluated for their efficacy in healing structurally damaged wounds. Various concentration principles might well be optimum in each cell line; the specificity of the LW compound to skin cells, particularly keratinocytes, is higher. While it can heal the wound in cells within as little as six hours, the utilization of the LW compound in the formulation of wound-treating products has been demonstrated with these results, when the control cell without LW has yet to attain 40% wound healing [11]. Besides that, it has been demonstrated in trials that coverings protected with Lawsone nano compound in the treatment of burns suppressed inflammation in the wound tissue and accelerated healing [10], and it was also reported in another study that it was beneficial in decubitus wounds [12]. As a result of the LW compound's antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis bacteria, it has been determined that the LW compound is suitable to be employed as an antibacterial agent in the struggle against this bacteria [13]. When henna was applied to a patient with pancreatic cancer and 2nd-degree hand-foot syndrome, HFS symptoms almost completely healed, and the patient's concerns such as burning, soreness, and incapacity to walk were abolished without dose limitation until the end of the treatment [14]. In another case study, Henna was applied to ten patients with metastatic breast and colon cancer who experienced HFS. Six patients had third-degree HFS before the study started, whereas four patients had second-degree HFS. Comprehensive improvement was noted in four patients with third-degree HFS, regression to first-degree level in two patients, and complete response in four patients with second-degree HFS as a consequence of henna treatment. It was recommended in these case reports to perform more experimental studies with more patients [15].
There is an explanation that there is a connection between the application of henna and the occurrence of hand-foot syndrome, and the purpose and progression of this interaction. The likely human links have not been completely clarified yet. Henna used in literature reviews has been found to have a substantial impact on reducing the occurrence of hand-foot syndrome. Capecitabine-induced HFS diminishes patients' quality of life and increases their need for medical attention. Patients who struggle to cope with their regular activities (feeding, personal hygiene, etc.) suffer from severe lesions on their feet and hands and may become dependent on others until the symptoms regress or subside. The need for effective treatments to avoid or decrease these symptoms reported in patients is mentioned in the literature [6-13] as much as possible. Although it has been determined that the majority of patients who received capecitabine were using henna as a protective against hand-foot syndrome according to the reports of nurses and researchers in chemotherapy clinics, our study aims to determine whether henna affects the symptoms. This nested case-control study (NCC) involving those receiving capecitabine treatment for breast and colorectal cancer was conducted to comprehensively examine the association between hand-foot syndrome and henna application. The NCC methodology in a prospective cohort research study is used when outcome data are accessible for all participants, although the exposure of interest has not been collected and is challenging or excessively costly to acquire for all patients. An NCC analysis employing comprehensive matching methods provides estimates that are equally efficient and unbiased as those derived from a complete cohort study. NCC with a reduced sample size is not only affordable but also less computationally intensive than analyzing the entire cohort study. If the matching technique has been performed correctly and the selected controls accurately represent those in the cohort research, then the Nested Case-Control (NCC) design has minimal loss of efficiency comparative to the full cohort analysis [16]. The NCC may provide superior validity compared to the whole cohort study due to its matching approach, which improves the adjustment for both measured and unmeasured factors.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: