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Low dose nalbuphine versus dexmedetomidine on prevention of emergence agitation in children
The incidence of emergence agitation (EA) varies between 18% and 80.
EA occurs most frequently in preschool children during the early stage of emergence from anaesthesia .
It is considered a potentially serious postoperative complication that can result in physical harm and removal of intravenous catheters. As such, EA is a source of dissatisfaction for the parents of paediatric patients and their healthcare providers .
Sevoflurane is an inhalational anaesthetic used widely as a paediatric or outpatient anaesthesia due to its excellent hemodynamic stability and low blood solubility, which allows rapid induction and emergence from general anaesthesia, as well as control of the depth of anaesthesia. However, when sevoflurane is used alone it is associated with a higher incidence of emergence agitation in children. The rapid removal of residual anaesthetics due to low blood solubility of sevoflurane has been suggested to cause emergence agitation in some patients
Nalbuphine is a semi-synthetic, agonist antagonist opioid analgesic agent that acts as a partial agonist at kappa receptors and an antagonist at µ receptors, has minimal side effects, and exhibits a ceiling effect for respiratory depression .
Nalbuphine should effectively relieve postoperative pain and decrease the rate of EA in paediatric patients after sevoflurane anaesthesia.
Dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha 2 agonist, has been shown to reduce the incidence of postoperative agitation with sevoflurane anaesthesia .
Dexmedetomidine can affect the brain and spinal cord α 2-adrenergic receptor, inhibition of neural discharge to produce sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects.
The Locus Coeruleus is a verified key part of the brain responsible for the regulation of arousal and sleep. Dexmedetomidine affects the brainstem locus coeruleus α 2-adrenergic receptors and produces sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic effects and it has also anesthetic-sparing effects without significant respiratory depression .
This study will be conducted to evaluate the effect of intravenous nalbuphine IV 0.1 mg/kg versus Dexmedetomidine IV 0.5 μg/kg on EA in paediatric patients undergoing ENT surgeries under sevoflurane anaesthesia.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nalbuphine group | Active Comparator | We will give the patient before extubation by15 minute nalbuphine with dose 0.1 mg /kg and we will assess the emergence agitation by delirium score every 15 minutes for half an hour |
|
| Dexmedetomidine group | Active Comparator | We will give the patient before extubation by 15 minute nalbuphine with dose 0.5 mic /kg and we will assess the emergence agitation by delirium score every 15 minutes for half an hour |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| we will give the patient 0.1 mg nalbuphine 15 min before the end of the procedure | Drug | The study medications will be prepared by the local pharmacy as 10 ml syringes of nalbuphine IV that will be handled to the anesthesiologist in charge in OR room who will be blinded to the nature of the medications used, and study medications will be given 15 minutes before the end of surgical procedure and it will be given slowly for five minutes. . After extubation, patients will be taken to postanesthetic care unit . on arrival vital data will be measured. The anesthesiologist following up the patient will be blinded to the groups. The time of extubation will be defined as zero and after 15 minutes will be defined as one . Assessment of agitation will be done at time zero and time 1 and every fifteen minutes for 30 minutes using paediatric anaesthesia Emergence delirium scale (PAEDS) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| incidence of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia | The aim of this study is to prevent 80% of emergence agitation of pediatric undergoing ENT surgeries using sevoflurane as inhalational anaesthesia . low dose nalbuphine versus dexmedetomidine | 6 months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Madlin A selwanes, M.B.B.CH | anesthesia resident at Ain shames university | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ainshams University | Cairo | Egypt | 11111 | Egypt |
all date should be shared once the study is published
Before 6/2025
Free
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000071257 | Emergence Delirium |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003693 | Delirium |
| D003221 | Confusion |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009266 | Nalbuphine |
| D020927 | Dexmedetomidine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009019 | Morphinans |
| D053610 | Opiate Alkaloids |
| D000470 | Alkaloids |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
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paediatric patients undergoing ENT surgeries will be randomly assigned into one of the following groups using computer generated codes and opaque sealed envelopes:
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prospective, randomized, double-blinded, comparative study
|
| we will give the patient 0.5 mg dexmedetomidine 15 min before the end of the procedure | Drug | The study medications will be prepared by the local pharmacy as 10 ml syringes of dexmedetomidine IV that will be handled to the anesthesiologist in charge in OR room who will be blinded to the nature of the medications used, and study medications will be given 15 minutes before the end of surgical procedure and it will be given slowly for five minutes. . After extubation, patients will be taken to postanesthetic care unit . on arrival vital data will be measured. The anesthesiologist following up the patient will be blinded to the groups. The time of extubation will be defined as zero and after 15 minutes will be defined as one . Assessment of agitation will be done at time zero and time 1 and every fifteen minutes for 30 minutes using pediatric anesthesia Emergence delirium scale (PAEDS) . |
|
| D009422 |
| Nervous System Diseases |
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D019965 | Neurocognitive Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D006572 |
| Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring |
| D006576 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D010616 | Phenanthrenes |
| D011084 | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
| D011083 | Polycyclic Compounds |
| D007093 | Imidazoles |
| D001393 | Azoles |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |