The aim of this study is to learn more about how early life experience influences the brain, behaviour, and the immune system later in life. This will help improve understanding of why certain early life experiences (e.g., adoption, stress and parental separation) can cause difficulties for some people when they are adults. The long-term goal of this research is to develop tools that could identify young people who are vulnerable to developing future problems, this will ensure people get the help that they need at the right time for them.

This study will use psychological assessment, online games, brain imaging and blood sampling to help improve our understanding of how and why early life experience can influence mental health, cognition, brain development and the immune system later in life.

Step 1: Telephone/Video screening call (20 minutes)

The first part of this study is a brief telephone/video call during which you will:

• Be asked questions to check whether you meet the study eligibility criteria.
• Be asked questions about your medical history (including mental health) and use of psychiatric medication.

Step 2: ONLINE PARTS OF THE STUDY (3 hours) Once you have completed the online consent form you will be emailed a link to the online parts of the study.

• You will be asked to fill in three online questionnaires which take around 30 minutes each and collect information about your demographics (e.g., sex, job, ethnicity, income etc.,), medical history, mental health conditions (e.g., autism spectrum quotient (you may opt of this questionnaire), depression, anxiety, addiction, drug and alcohol use) and personality traits (e.g., impulsivity, attachment, neuroticism, extraversion).
• You will be asked to complete online games which are designed to assess memory, impulsivity, attention, face recognition and social interaction. These short tasks (5 - 10 minutes each) are similar to simple "brain training" games you may have seen online. They will take around 1.5 hours to complete in total.

Step 3: FACE-TO-FACE PARTS OF THE STUDY (2-hours)

BRAIN SCAN (1.5 hours)

• When you arrive, you will be asked to review this study information sheet and sign a paper consent form and other safety/screening forms required for the study.
• You will then be asked to take part in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan. You will be asked to lie down in a strong magnetic field for an hour whilst a computer takes pictures of your brain, and you complete short cognitive tasks (3 x 10 minutes each) and a resting state brain scan (10 minutes).

BLOOD TEST (30 minutes) We would also like to collect a blood sample from you, as this will help us understand how early life events can impact your white blood cells which are a key part of your immune system.

Step 4: INTERVIEWS, QUESTIONNAIRES & MEMORY GAME (1.5 - 3 hours)

You can choose to do the following parts of the study either when you visit the University of Manchester or during a remote session (Zoom/telephone).

• The researcher will conduct interviews about your mental health history and your experience of friendships and relationships (up 2.5 hours).
• You will be asked to complete a short, anonymised questionnaires about your experience of trauma and stress in your childhood including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire (15 minutes).
• You will complete a short emotional memory game (on the researchers' laptop or via your computer if via Zoom) (5 minutes).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18-24

• Reside in Greater Manchester

• You are not enrolled on a university degree course and do not hold a university degree qualification

• Lived with one or both birth parents throughout childhood.

• Able to travel to the University of Manchester

• Able to understand the study information and participate in the assessment procedures described below (independently or with reading support from a researcher, friend or family member)

• Able to read text on a computer screen (using glasses or contact lenses if required)

• To sign up for this study one or more of the following statements should apply to you:

  1. I am not currently in education employment or training, or I am unemployed.
  2. I receive benefits from the Government e.g., housing benefits, universal credit, personal independent payment (PIP), disability benefit, job seekers allowance.
  3. I am currently struggling due mental health problems or neurodiversity (e.g., depression, anxiety, ADHD, autism, eating disorder)

Exclusion Criteria:

• You were looked after by the local authority (e.g., foster, kinship care or residential children's home) or adopted during childhood.
• Any experience of childhood trauma (including neglect, physical/verbal abuse, sexual abuse or exposure to domestic violence).
• Your family required input from social services due to child protection concerns.
• You are experiencing symptoms of and have been diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), borderline personality disorder (BPD), Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD).

Control Group (Non-Adopted)