This new study builds on the principal investigator's earlier studies to improve communication about pain. The research team seeks to better understanding of the mental processes needed to rate pain.

General inclusion criteria:

• 18 years old or older;
• visited a HCP for treatment of a painful musculoskeletal condition within previous year;
• has usually felt, at least, "mild" musculoskeletal pain on most days of the last 3 months in multiple locations; and
• has felt variable musculoskeletal pain intensity during the last 3 months.

General exclusion criteria:

• past or current employment as a licensed healthcare provider;
• diagnosed with a cardiac arrhythmia;
• has a battery-powered implant in the neck, chest, abdomen, or spine (e.g., pacemaker);
• diagnosed with a neurological condition that causes uncontrolled movement (e.g., Parkinsonism, epilepsy, etc.);
• smokes cigarettes or vapes; (6) has abused substances during the last week; or
• allergic to skin adhesives.

Community sample