Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory disease of the sinonasal mucosa with significant impact and limited treatment options. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) poses an important public health problem and causes a large impact on individual quality of life. Studies of CRS have been limited by access to tissue, the complexity of the sinonasal physiology, a lack of available biomarkers, the absence of useful animal models, a paucity of cohorts with biological samples for analysis, and limited well-designed clinical trials or investigations of immune function. Therefore, novel strategies for identifying biological mechanisms underlying this disease are in great need.

Using prospective samples from well characterized subjects, the investigators intend to profile the mucosa associated-bacteria in the nose and sinuses. In parallel, using sinus tissue from patients undergoing surgery, the site will interrogate the epithelium for mucosal immune function to understand host-microbe interaction. This study hypothesizes that the microbial profile of the sinuses initiates an immune responses which leads to chronic inflammation in susceptible people. This study would provide the first comprehensive data on what bacteria are present in the nose and sinus and could lead to important knowledge useful in sinonasal disease.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age>18 years
• Diagnosis of chronic sinusitis (with or without nasal polyposis), perennial allergic rhinitis, or normal sinuses/absence of allergy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Use of immunosuppressants
• Immunodeficiency
• Inability to stop sinusitis related medications for 10 days

This study will examine the sinonasal microbiota in subjects with CRS (at baseline in those with and without nasal polyps, and those with acute exacerbations) and controls (normals without allergy, those with perennial allergic rhinitis).