An annual follow - up fundus examination is conducted. Metabolic differences are analyzed between the population with progressed diabetic retinopathy (DR) and those without progression. A predictive model for early warning of DR in type 2 diabetes is constructed to forecast the onset of DR one year later.

Seeking specific metabolites that can reflect diabetic retinopathy and its severity in early - onset and late - onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Exploring a multidisciplinary model of chronic disease management for patients in the middle stage of diabetic retinopathy (DR), with both the endocrinology department and the ophthalmology department jointly developing standardized standard operating procedures for systemic and ocular examinations of metabolic diseases.

The establishment of an integrated ward for diabetic eye diseases. For patients with severe diabetic eye diseases who urgently need ophthalmic surgery in the short term but have poor blood glucose control, the ophthalmology and endocrinology departments jointly manage and treat the patients. Endocrinologists adjust the blood glucose - lowering treatment plan. After the blood glucose stabilizes, ophthalmic surgery is performed. Continuous glucose monitoring is used to closely observe blood glucose fluctuations during the hospital stay, including intraoperative blood glucose. After the surgery, both ophthalmologists and endocrinologists jointly follow up with the patients.

Performing fundus photography on patients to assess the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Assess the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and group accordingly. The high - risk DR cohort and the early - stage DR cohort have a fundus examination once a year; the mid - stage DR cohort has a fundus examination every six months; the late - stage DR cohort has a fundus examination every three months.

By metabolomics, we aim to establish a precise DR typing model based on the age of diabetes onset (early-onset diabetes, late-onset diabetes) and based on the coexistence with two types of diabetic macrovascular complications so that we can better prevent and treat diabetic retinopathy.