This is a multi-centre, two-part, open-label, phase 1, first in human study of multiple ascending doses of RC220 bisantrene formulation alone and in combination with fixed dose doxorubicin to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) in adult patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic solid tumours where doxorubicin may be considered as a treatment option / or is indicated.

The study will consist of two parts: Part 1 - This part involves a fixed-dose doxorubicin (60 mg/m2) tolerability lead-in period, followed by dose-escalating doses of IV RC220 alone, and in combination, with fixed dose doxorubicin, to determine the maximum tolerated combined dose (MTCD) of RC220 with doxorubicin to be evaluated in Part 2. This dose-expansion cohort will enrol patients with solid tumours that are anthracycline treatment naïve and for whom treatment with doxorubicin is indicated. The objective of Part 2 will be to confirm the safety and tolerability and evaluate the preliminary cardioprotective and anti-tumour efficacy of the maximum tolerated combined dose (MTCD) of RC220 with doxorubicin.

This study is an open-label, Phase 1 dose escalation trial with expansion cohort to investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and preliminary cardioprotective and antitumor activity of RC220 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced solid tumours.

The study is divided into two parts:

Dose escalation (Part 1), and dose expansion (Part 2).

In Part 1(Dose Escalation), patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic solid tumours, where doxorubicin may be considered as a treatment option and/or is indicated will be enrolled. An initial fixed-dose doxorubicin (60 mg/m2) monotherapy 21-day cycle (cycle M1) will be conducted to confirm each patient's tolerability. Patients will be monitored for safety and tolerability, and samples will be collected for PK and PDx biomarker analysis.

Patients who meet the safety and tolerability criteria during cycle M1 will proceed to the RC220 monotherapy lead-in 21-day cycle (cycle M2).

Patients who are unable to tolerate 60 mg/m2 doxorubicin will not be eligible for the study, and those who received a doxorubicin containing regimen of ≥ 60 mg/m2 within 3 months prior to screening, may proceed directly to the RC220 monotherapy lead-in cycle.

During Cycle M2, each patient in a dose cohort will receive an intravenous (IV) infusion of RC220 on Day 1 of the lead-in 21-day cycle. Upon confirmation of safety and tolerability to the RC220 dose, patients will continue to the combination cycle, where patients will receive IV RC220 (at the same dose) followed by IV doxorubicin on Day 1 of a 21-day cycle.

New patients will be enrolled in each dose escalation cohort based on safety observed during the first 21 days of RC220 and doxorubicin combination treatment Cycle 1 until the MTCD is defined based on the recommendations of the Safety Review Committee (SRC). Patients will continue to be treated beyond the first combination cycle observation period until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal of consent or defined end of study, whichever occurs first.

An interim analysis of Part 1 may be undertaken after the last patient in the dose escalation (Part 1) has completed their end-of-study visit.

Part 2 of the study will evaluate the MTCD of RC220 in combination with doxorubicin in an exploratory expanded cohort of patients to assess the cardioprotective and anti-tumour efficacy in patients with solid tumours that are anthracycline treatment naïve and for whom treatment with doxorubicin is indicated.

Inclusion Criteria (For Part 1 and Part 2):

1. Able to give voluntary informed consent and understand the study and are willing to follow and complete all the study required procedures.

2. Aged between 18 years to ≤ 80 years at the time of informed consent. Note: In Korea, only participants aged ≥19 years at the time of informed consent will be enrolled

3. Life expectancy ≥ 3 months.

4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 or 1.

5. Have measurable or evaluable disease per RECIST v1.1. The target lesions must not have prior radiation or other locally treated area unless imaging-based progression has been clearly documented following radiation or other local therapy.

6. Adequate haematological, liver, and kidney function as follows:

   a. Bone marrow reserve:

   • Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5 × 109/L without growth factor support in the 2 weeks prior to study entry.

   • Haemoglobin ≥ 90 g/L without transfusion and/or without growth factor support in 2 weeks prior to study entry.

   • Platelet count ≥ 100 × 109/L without transfusion in 2 weeks prior to study entry.

     b. Hepatic function:

   • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) < 3 × upper limit of normal (ULN) (≤5 × ULN if liver metastases or hepatic cell carcinoma (HCC)).

     c. Renal function:

   • Serum creatinine < 1.5 × ULN or Serum creatinine clearance (CrCL) > 50 mL/min, as per the Cockcroft-Gault Equation Glomerular Filtration Rate: [(140-age in years) × weight in kg] / (7.2 × serum creatinine in mg/dL) (× 0.85 for females).

7. International normalised ratio (INR) /prothrombin time (PT) < 2 x ULN, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≤ 1.5 × ULN.

8. Practice adequate contraceptive measures as per below:

   Female patients must:

   • Be of nonchildbearing potential i.e., surgically sterilised or postmenopausal, or;

   • If of childbearing potential, must have a negative serum pregnancy test at Screening and a negative urine pregnancy test before the first study treatment administration and on Day 1 of each Cycle. They must agree not to attempt to become pregnant, must not donate ova, and must agree to use 2 forms of highly effective contraceptive method between signing consent, during the study, and at least 180 days after the last dose of study drug, OR use 1 form of highly effective contraceptive method, plus an additional barrier method of contraception between signing consent, during the study, and at least 180 days after the last dose of study drug.

   • Women of childbearing potential with same sex partners (abstinence from penile vaginal intercourse) are eligible when this is their preferred and usual lifestyle.

   Male patients must:

   • be willing not to donate sperm and if engaging in sexual intercourse with a female partner who could become pregnant, a willingness to use a condom in addition to having the female partner use a highly effective contraceptive method between signing consent, during the study, and at least 90 days after the last dose of the study treatment.

   PART 1 only - Dose Escalation Specific Inclusion Criteria

9. Histologically/cytologically confirmed, locally advanced unresectable or metastatic solid tumours for whom prior treatments have failed, and where an anthracycline may be considered as a treatment option or is indicated.

10. Adequate Hepatic function as per below:

    • Serum Total bilirubin (TBIL) as per below:

      1. Patients with documented Gilbert's syndrome - baseline TBIL < 3 × ULN,
      2. Patient with either HCC or liver metastases - baseline TBIL < 2 × ULN
      3. All other patients baseline TBIL < 2 × ULN.

PART 2 only - Exploratory Dose Expansion Specific Inclusion Criteria 8. Histologically/cytologically confirmed solid tumours of any stage for which the patient has not received prior treatment with an anthracycline and for whom treatment with doxorubicin is indicated.

9. Adequate Hepatic function as per below:

• Serum TBIL as per below:

1. Patients with documented Gilbert's syndrome - baseline TBIL < 3 × ULN,
2. Patient with either HCC or liver metastases - baseline TBIL < 3 × ULN
3. All other patients baseline TBIL < 2 × ULN.

Exclusion Criteria (for Part 1 and Part 2):

1. Females who are pregnant or nursing.

2. Received cancer-directed therapy within the following timeframes:

   1. Antitumour therapy (chemotherapy, antibody therapy, molecular targeted therapy, hormonal therapy or investigational agent) within 28 days prior to the first dose of study treatment (or 5 times the half-life if shorter than 28 days, there can be exceptions on a case-by-case as approved by Study Medical Monitor based on pharmacology). Note: concurrent use of hormone deprivation therapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer, bisphosphonate or denosumab for skeletal related events per institution guideline is permitted.
   2. Wide-field radiation therapy within 28 days (or palliative radiation therapy within 7 days) prior to the first dose of study treatment or has not recovered from the side effects of radiation therapy in the opinion of the Investigator.
   3. Any other concurrent investigational device(s) or conventional agent(s) within 28 days (unless 5 times the half-life is shorter than 28 days) prior to the first dose of study treatment.
   4. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals must be stopped 8 weeks prior to the first dose of the study treatment.

3. Persisting Grade 2 or higher severity AEs from prior antitumour treatment as per CTCAE v5.0. Patients with pre-existing non-treatable Grade 2 toxicities may be eligible per discretion of the Investigator and with approval from Study Medical Monitor (e.g., Grade 2 chemotherapy induced neuropathy).

4. Patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) malignancy, symptomatic CNS metastases, meningeal metastases or leptomeningeal disease are not allowed.

   Note: Patients with asymptomatic CNS metastases are eligible if clinically controlled, which is defined as 1) ≥ 4 weeks of stable neurologic function following CNS-directed therapy prior to the first dose of study treatment 2) no evidence of CNS disease progression as determined by radiographic imaging ≥ 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment, 3) ≥ 2 weeks from discontinuation of anti-seizure and steroid therapies (receiving prednisone ≤ 10 mg or equivalent steroid therapies is allowed) prior to the first dose of study treatment.

5. Had major surgery within 28-days of the Screening Visit. Note: Patients who have undergone a non-major surgical procedure within 28-days prior to Screening must have recovered adequately from the surgery before the administration of the first dose of study treatment. Exception: no waiting period applies following central venous catheter placement.

6. History of tissue or organ transplantation.

7. Treatment with systemic immunosuppressive medications within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment. Exceptions: Daily prednisone equivalent ≤10 mg/day; topical, inhaled, or intranasal corticosteroids.

8. History of severe infection deemed clinically significant by the Investigator or designee within 4 weeks or signs and symptoms of any active infection within 2 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment.

9. Active hepatitis B or C. Note: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers without active disease (HBV DNA titer < 1000 copies/mL or 200 IU/mL) or cured hepatitis C (negative HCV RNA test) with confirmed viral clearance that are not receiving ongoing treatment and without residual chronic liver disease may be enrolled.

10. Confirmed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Patients with well controlled HIV infection (i.e., CD4+ count >350 cells/μL and viral copies less than 400/mL after at least 4 weeks of ART) may be eligible per discretion of the Investigator and with approval from Study Medical Monitor.

11. Patients with any inherited predisposition to bleeding or to thrombosis (von Willebrand disease, haemophilia, etc.). Patients with a history of nontraumatic haemorrhage (i.e., end stage liver disease, any haemorrhage requiring medical intervention), thromboembolic event or any condition which may increase bleeding risk including clotting disorders, thrombocytopenia during the last 3 months prior to the first dose of study treatment administration.

12. Receiving immunosuppressive or myelosuppressive medications that would, in the opinion of the Investigator, increase the risk of serious neutropenic complications.

13. Any other disease or clinically significant abnormality in laboratory parameters, including serious medical or psychiatric illness/condition, which in the judgement of the Investigator might compromise the safety of the patient or integrity of the study, interfere with the patient's participation in the trial or compromise the trial objectives.

14. Known allergies, hypersensitivity, or intolerance to the study drug or its excipients.

15. Any known, documented, or suspected history of illicit substance abuse that would preclude patient from participation, unless clinically justified (i.e., will not interfere with study participation and/or will not compromise trial objectives) per judgement of the Investigator and with approval of Study Medical Monitor. Exception: Physician-prescribed medicinal opioids or cannabinoids are allowed for pain management.

16. Vaccinated with any live vaccine within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment.

17. Judgement by the Investigator that the patient is unlikely to comply with study procedures, restrictions and requirements.

18. Use of prescription or non-prescription medications, including complementary medicines, within 14 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) if the medication is a potential inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform 3A4 or 2D6, and/or P-glycoprotein (P-gp), or if the medication is an inducer of CYP3A4 or P-gp, prior to dosing and throughout study participation.

    PART 1 only - Dose Escalation Specific Criteria

19. A ≥ 20% decrease in serum albumin from baseline, sustained over two consecutive measurements taken more than 14 days apart during screening prior to the first administration of study treatment.

20. Severe or uncontrolled cardiac disease requiring treatment, CHF (New York Heart Association) NYHA III or IV, unstable angina pectoris even if medically controlled, history of myocardial infarction during the 6 months prior to screening, serious arrhythmias requiring medication (with exception of atrial fibrillation or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia).

21. Treatment with prior anthracyclines exceeding the maximum equivalent cumulative lifetime dose.

PART 2 only -Dose Expansion Specific Criteria 19. Uncontrolled or severe cardiac disease that in the opinion of the Investigator would prevent treatment with doxorubicin.

Due to the small sample size of this Phase 1 study, individual participant data will not be shared openly to protect participant confidentiality.