The study aims to identify new diagnostic and prognostic markers for CMP that can help predict disease progression. In particular, the study will focus on microRNAs (miRNAs) and spatial transcriptomics, which are emerging techniques that may provide insights into the underlying disease mechanisms. By understanding these markers, the investigators hope to improve the way the investigators diagnose and manage CMP, particularly in terms of predicting progression to heart failure or heart transplantation.

The study will evaluate patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (e.g., sarcomeric forms, Anderson-Fabry disease, AL, and TTR cardiac amyloidosis), dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. These patients will undergo clinical evaluations, including ECG, echocardiograms, CMR, biopsy analysis, and genetic testing, as well as molecular studies such as transcriptomics and miRNA analysis. This comprehensive approach aims to identify potential new biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting the disease course.

This is a non-pharmacological, national multicenter cohort study with both retrospective and prospective components.

For the prospective study, patients with CMP will be consecutively enrolled from the outpatient or inpatient settings of the IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna (coordinating center), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi di Firenze, and the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome. Enrollment will begin upon receipt of favorable opinions from the respective Ethics Committees and general management approvals at each center until the planned sample size is reached.

For the retrospective study, all patients managed at the aforementioned centers prior to obtaining Ethics Committee approval and general management clearance will be included.

The structured collection of the data necessary for the evaluation of the objectives will be carried out by creating a specific electronic database in which retrospective data will be collected starting from January 1, 1990, and for the prospective observation period from the moment of ethical committee approval and receipt of the clearance from the general director until December 31, 2027. The electronic archive may be used to obtain or confirm new scientific evidence in the field of CMP, particularly with reference to diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. The electronic archive will be compiled through the consultation of the clinical records (outpatient or hospitalization), from which data regarding demographics, remote and recent medical history, family history, any genetic investigations, instrumental tests, information about symptoms at onset, and therapy will be collected. Aside from the analysis of miRNAs on tissues, which will be carried out for the study and will not in any way affect the patients' diagnostic-therapeutic path, all instrumental exams and therapies that patients will undergo are part of standard clinical practice. Any genetic investigations that patients may undergo are part of the regular care pathway and will be performed when clinically indicated, or if a precise etiological diagnosis is necessary, with consequent therapeutic implications, in the differential diagnosis between various forms of CMP, and when, in the context of familial forms, it may be useful for family screening. Patients will be enrolled during hospitalization or at the outpatient visit. After obtaining informed consent, patients will be evaluated based on clinical needs. There is no minimum duration for following the patient. In a subgroup of patients enrolled in the prospective study, additional molecular evaluations will be carried out on plasma and cardiac tissue. The blood sample-taken as per clinical practice-will be processed within 4 hours through centrifugation. After isolation, the plasma will be divided into aliquots of 500 µL and stored at -80°C. In the subpopulation of the study undergoing endomyocardial biopsy (diagnostic) or cardiac surgery (e.g., myectomy, valve replacement, etc.), according to the standard-of-care, fresh cardiac tissue will be collected. The cardiac tissue (taken during endomyocardial biopsy/cardiac surgery performed according to clinical practice) will be partially immersed in formalin and sent, as per normal procedure, to pathology where it will be processed for paraffin embedding, and a small fragment will be frozen and immediately embedded in OCT (optimal cutting temperature) and stored at -80°C. RNA will then be extracted and analyzed using NGS (next-generation sequencing) of small RNA, ddPCR (droplet digital Polymerase Chain Reaction), and spatial transcriptomics.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients diagnosed with CMP according to current international guidelines
• Age ≥ 12 years at the time of diagnosis
• Obtaining informed consent from the patient and the parent or legal guardian (in the case of patients aged < 18 years)

Exclusion Criteria:

• none

The study plans to enroll a population of 700 patients affected by CMP evaluated both in the inpatient and outpatient regime, at

• IRCCS AOUBO (n=520)
• Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi of Florence (n=90)
• Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS of Rome (n=90)