Kidney transplantation is the standard therapy for end-stage renal disease. Acute rejection (AR) or chronic rejection along with reactive donor immunity, which counteracts organ acceptance, are among the greatest medical challenges in transplantation.

In the posttransplantation setting, immunosuppressive drugs are administered to control or prevent immune reactions; however, the therapies have serious side effects. Retrospective studies have shown heterogeneous risk profiles with respect to post-transplant complications, such as AR or infection, suggesting the introduction of an individualized immunosuppressive regimen2,3,4. Biomarkers are needed for such individual therapies to discriminate between patients with different risk profiles.

Kidney transplantation is the standard therapy for end-stage renal disease. Acute rejection (AR) or chronic rejection along with reactive donor immunity, which counteracts organ acceptance, are among the greatest medical challenges in transplantation.

In the posttransplantation setting, immunosuppressive drugs are administered to control or prevent immune reactions; however, the therapies have serious side effects. Retrospective studies have shown heterogeneous risk profiles with respect to post-transplant complications, such as AR or infection, suggesting the introduction of an individualized immunosuppressive regimen. Biomarkers are needed for such individual therapies to discriminate between patients with different risk profiles.

The presence of donor reactive T-cells pre and post kidney transplantation correlates with acute rejection and with reduced allograft survival1,7,8. For these reasons, a specific and sensitive assay has been developed for in-depth monitoring and characterization of reactive T cells from allografts: the Transplant reactive T-cells-assay (TreaT assay). For the latter, donor TECs, obtained from the recipient's urine by selective catherization of the transplanted kidney, a useful and renewable antigenic source for stimulation of recipient PBMCs, are used as the stimulating source.

The TreaT assay, compared with previous tests, has the advantages of unlimited availability of starting sample, easy in implementation, inexpensive and superior performance. Pilot studies, have obtained encouraging data on the test's applicability in patients with early acute rejection and prediction of post-transplant eGFR. In addition, this approach provides insight into the biology of alloreactive immune cells specifically, the immunological interaction with donor/recipient in post-transplantation. Therefore, it could help guide a personalized pharmacological approach of therapy in the future of kidney transplantation.

The study is non-interventional and requires obtaining clinical data from recruited subjects and blood and urine samples. Therefore, no added risk to the subjects involved is expected.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Inclusion criteria for subjects in group A Healthy adult subjects who will be selected from blood donors belonging to the Metropolitan Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service. It should be noted that for subjects belonging to group A, informed consent is not required as the samples are provided in anonymous manner and completely unrelated to the patient.

• Inclusion criteria for study patients group B

  1. Subjects undergoing living or cadaveric kidney transplantation afferent to the O.U. of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, St. Orsola Hospital, Pavilion 15.
  2. Patients who intend to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Exclusion criteria for subjects in group A None

• Exclusion criteria for patients in study group B

  1. Subjects under the age of 18 years.
  2. Patients who are unable to make explicit their informed consent.

All patients undergoing living and cadaveric kidney transplantation will be considered, afferent to the Department of Nephrology at St. Orsola Hospital, Pavilion 15, who meet the criteria of inclusion.