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This interventional study aimed to aimed to evaluate the effects of rewards on cognitive function, motor skills, and motivation in 8- to 10-year-old children with ADHD following 3- and 6-week interventions.
Research problem: children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are inattentive and distractible, which often makes it difficult for physiotherapists to keep them interested, as prolonged activity often causes boredom.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of reward on cognitive function, motor skills and motivation in 8-10 year old children with ADHD after 3 and 6 week interventions.
Objectives of the study:
1. To compare the cognitive function of children receiving conventional physiotherapy with that of children receiving reward therapy. 2. To compare the motor skills of the children receiving conventional physiotherapy with those of the children receiving the reward. 3. To compare the motivation of children receiving conventional physiotherapy with that of children receiving rewards.
The hypothesis of the study is that exercise with rewards improves cognitive function, motor skills and motivation better than conventional physiotherapy in children aged 8 to 10 years with attention deficit disorder.
Research methods: the study included 60 boys diagnosed with ADHD. Age: 8-10 years. Subjects were randomly divided into reward and conventional physiotherapy groups. In both groups, subjects performed exercises for balance and coordination for 3 times per week for 45 min, but in one group subjects received a reward using virtual reality.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional outpatient PT group (n=30). | Experimental | Conventional outpatient PT group received typical physical exercises with duration of 6 weeks |
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| Reward-based PT group | Experimental | This group received reward based virtual reality exercises with duration of 6 weeks. Reward was extra exercises using virtual reality |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional Physiotherapy group | Other | Participants in the regular physical therapy group performed balance and coordination exercises three times a week without the use of rewards. These subjects completed only physical exercises, without engaging in game-like interactive tasks using virtual reality (VR) glasses. Each session was conducted at the same time for each subject, with a potential variation of ±1 hour. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Static balance | was assessed with The Abili Balance Analyzer platform. The software associated with the platform provided an overall stability index based on the tests conducted: Very Good: 0.8; Good: 0.8 to 1.8; Poor: >1.8. | At baseline and after 6 weeks |
| Attention task with spatial numbers | Number of mistakes and Speed coefficient was recorded. | At baseline and after 6 weeks |
| Attention task with spatial figures | Number of mistakes and Speed coefficient was recorded. | At baseline and after 6 weeks |
| Easy figural memory task | Number of mistakes and Speed coefficient was recorded. | At baseline and after 6 weeks |
| Hard figural memory task | Number of mistakes and Speed coefficient was recorded. | At baseline and after 6 weeks |
| Visuo-Constructional Ability task | Number of successful attempts and duration (in seconds) was recorded | At baseline and after 6 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pediatric motivation Scale (PMot) | Participants were instructed to respond to the questions by selecting a visual image that best represented their emotional state. Each visual image was assigned a numerical value, ranging from 1 (very poor) to 6 (excellent), for statistical data analysis and outcome evaluation (numeric value). | At baseline and after 6 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Boys were invited to participate in the study.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Vilma VD Dudoniene, PhD | Lithuanian Sports University | Principal Investigator |
| Vilma Dudoniene, PhD | Lithuanian Sports University | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of health promotion and rehabilitation | Kaunas | 44221 | Lithuania |
The consent form of the informed person states that the individual data of the subjects will not be disclosed, but can only be used to summarized.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001289 | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019958 | Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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Qualitative research
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Reword group did not know about conventional PT group and vice versa.
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| Reward based physiotherapy group | Other | Subjects in the reward group performed balance and coordination exercises three times a week, with the inclusion of rewards. At the end of each exercise session, participants engaged in game-like interactive tasks using virtual reality (VR) glasses. Exercise sessions were conducted at the same time for each subject, with a permissible variation of ±1 hour. |
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