Exercise training is a cornerstone in the prevention and rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease. While research has primarily focused on endurance training, resistance training becomes more and more important. The gold standard to prescribe resistance training intensity or monitor longitudinal changes is the 1-Repetition-Maximum (1-RM) test. However, particularly for unexperienced individuals, this test may not be recommendable due to the high load and an increased risk of injuries. Alternatively, there are several published formulas to estimate the 1-RM based on a multiple-repetition-maximum (or repetition-to-failure) test. However, these formulas have been primarily tested in healthy individuals. Moreover, the reliability of the 1-RM estimation based on two tests with different submaximal weight is unknown. Therefore, the present study evaluates the agreement of the 1-RM estimation (based on different formulas) between two Multiple-RM tests with different weight in 50 patients with cardiovascular disease (heart failure, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation) or cardiovascular risk factors (type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥ 50 years
• At least one of the following cardiovascular diseases / risk factors:
• Heart failure
• Coronary heart disease
• Atrial fibrillation
• Arterial hypertension
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Clinically stable for ≥ 4 weeks
• Medical clearance to perform resistance training / strength testing
• Signed written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnancy
• Acute infection
• Chronic joint inflammation
• Knee, hip, ankle, wrist, elbow or shoulder pain
• Known osteoporosis (T-value ≤ -2.5)
• Uncontrolled hypertension (≥160 mmHG systolic / ≥100 mmHG diastolic)
• Known cerebral or thoracic aneurysm

Patients who visit the outpatient clinic for Preventive Sports Medicine and Sports Cardiology at the TUM University Hospital, Munich, Germany

Data sharing will depend on the possibility to anonymize the requested data set and must be approved by the data security department of the TUM University Hospital