Group A received a combination of McKenzie exercises and Progressive Postural Control Exercises. Each session began with the application of hot packs for 10-15 minutes to prepare the patients for the exercises. Patients then performed three sets of three exercises, with 10 repetitions per set, lasting approximately 10-15 minutes in total.

Group B was treated with McKenzie exercises without the integration of Progressive Postural Control Exercises. Each session began with the application of hot packs for 10-15 minutes to prepare the patients for the technique. Patients then performed three sets of three exercises, with 10 repetitions per set, lasting approximately 10-15 minutes in total.

The McKenzie Exercises focus on progressive spinal extension to alleviate back pain. Key steps include Extension in Standing, where patients lean backward and return to a neutral stance; Extension in Lying (Partial Range), involving partial pushups in a prone position; and Extension in Lying (Full Range), where patients fully extend their arms to achieve maximum spinal extension. Each movement is held for 1-2 seconds.

The PPCE program enhances core strength and stability through three stages. In the First Stage (2 weeks), core muscles are trained against gravity using movements like pelvic retroversion, crunches, and glute bridges. The Second Stage (3 weeks) incorporates a Swiss ball to challenge trunk muscles with instability. In the Third Stage (3 weeks), a Swiss ball, stretch bands, and a 5 kg sandbag are used to increase complexity on unstable surfaces. Each stage includes six movements, lasting 5 minutes each, for a total session duration of 30 minutes.

The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) will be used to assess patients' pain levels for chronic low back pain both before and after the exercises. This 11-point numeric scale ranges from 0, representing no pain (e.g., "no pain at all"), to 10, representing the worst pain imaginable (e.g., "pain as bad as you can imagine" or "worst pain imaginable"). The NPRS demonstrates strong validity, with values ranging from 0.86 to 0.96

The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) is a reliable and widely used tool for assessing disability in patients with low back pain. Its updated applications and adaptations have reinforced its validity across diverse patient populations and healthcare settings. The RMDQ consists of 24 items, with the total score calculated by summing the responses. A "yes" response is scored as 1, and a "no" response is scored as 0, resulting in a total score range of 0 to 24. This range reflects the level of disability, with higher scores indicating greater disability in individuals with low back pain.

The inclinometer is a widely used tool in clinical and research settings for measuring the range of motion (ROM) in spinal, cervical, and limb assessments. It is particularly valuable in managing conditions such as thoracic kyphosis and general musculoskeletal dysfunction. The device demonstrates excellent reliability, with inter-rater correlation coefficients (ICC) around 0.96, indicating high agreement and consistency between different raters.