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This study investigates whether cheek acupuncture therapy can alleviate postoperative pain in cesarean section patients and explores its mechanisms of action through a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.
Pain control after cesarean delivery, if inadequately managed, can impact the prognosis of the mother and the health of the infant. There is an urgent need to explore safer, more effective, and straightforward non-pharmacological adjunctive interventions to alleviate the pain associated with cesarean section. Cheek acupuncture therapy is a green micro-acupuncture treatment that has shown significant improvement in various types of pain and holds great potential for relieving perioperative pain. To practice the concept of perioperative acupuncture medicine, this study aims to investigate whether cheek acupuncture therapy can alleviate postoperative pain in cesarean section patients and to explore the mechanisms by which it exerts its effects, through a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cheek Acupuncture group | Experimental | Each patient in the cheek acupuncture group received cheek acupuncture therapy as a supplement to the postoperative patient-controlled analgesia pump. The selected cheek acupuncture points included four bilateral points for the neck, back, waist, and sacrum, as well as four abdominal holographic points, totaling eight points. Cheek acupuncture procedure: The patient was placed in a supine position, and the acupoint skin was routinely disinfected. Acupuncture needles of 0.15mm by 15mm were used, inserted quickly and vertically to a depth of 10 to 15mm without seeking the sensation of "qi" arrival. The needles were left in place for 30 minutes and then removed, followed by applying a cotton ball to press on the needle holes for a moment. The intervention was conducted twice, each time for 30 minutes, with the first session immediately after completing the anesthesia operation and the second session at 23.5 hours postoperatively. |
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| Control group | Sham Comparator | The control group used only a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump for postoperative pain relief. The pump contained 2 micrograms per kilogram of sufentanil and 0.2 milligrams per kilogram of ondansetron, with a total volume of 100 milliliters. The pump was set to deliver a continuous infusion of 2 milliliters per hour, with the option for patients to self-administer an additional 2-milliliter bolus dose as needed, with a minimum interval of 15 minutes between doses. If the primary analgesic measures were insufficient to control pain, diclofenac sodium suppositories were provided as rescue analgesia, based on patient needs. The use of these suppositories was based on individual patient pain assessments and the need for additional pain relief. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cheek acupuncture | Procedure | Cheek Acupuncture |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Numeric Rating Scale (0-10) pain score during movement | Numeric Rating Scale, this scale is a validated tool for measuring pain intensity, with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the most severe pain imaginable).The higher the score, the more severe the pain. | 24 hours postoperatively, which is half an hour after the completion of the second cheek acupuncture treatment |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| the proportion of patients with NRS pain score ≥ 6 | Assess the proportion of severe pain by calculating the ratio of NRS pain scores that are greater than or equal to 6. | 24 hours postoperatively, which is half an hour after the completion of the second cheek acupuncture treatment |
| NRS pain score during movement |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Guyan Wang | Beijing Tongren Hospital | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University | Beijing | 100730 | China |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000377 | Agnosia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010468 | Perceptual Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017409 | Sufentanil |
| D017294 | Ondansetron |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005283 | Fentanyl |
| D010880 | Piperidines |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
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| sufentanil 2 µg/kg + ondansetron 0.2 mg/kg |
| Drug |
The patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump held a solution of 2 µg/kg sufentanil and 0.2 mg/kg ondansetron in 100 ml. It infused 2 ml/hour continuously, allowing patients to self-administer an extra 2 ml bolus every 15 minutes if needed. For inadequate pain control, diclofenac sodium suppositories were used as rescue analgesia, depending on individual pain assessments and the requirement for extra relief. |
|
Numeric Rating Scale, this scale is a validated tool for measuring pain intensity, with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the most severe pain imaginable).The higher the score, the more severe the pain. |
| morning of the day of discharge (assessed up 7 days) |
| The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)-A | The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)-A is a subscale of the HADS, which is a self-assessment questionnaire used to screen for symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients within a non-psychiatric hospital setting. The 'A' stands for Anxiety, and the HADS-A specifically measures the severity of anxiety symptoms. It consists of 7 items rated on a 4-point scale, with scores ranging from 0 to 21, where higher scores indicate greater anxiety. | morning of the day of discharge (assessed up 7 days) |
| HADS-D score | The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)-D is a subscale of the HADS, which is designed to identify anxiety and depression in patients within hospital settings. The 'D' stands for Depression, and this subscale specifically assesses the severity of depressive symptoms. It includes 7 items rated on a 4-point scale, with scores ranging from 0 to 21, where higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. | morning of the day of discharge (assessed up 7 days) |
| ISI score | The ISI-(0-28) refers to the Insomnia Severity Index, which is a self-administered questionnaire used to evaluate the severity of insomnia. It consists of 7 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (no difficulty) to 4 (extreme difficulty). The total score ranges from 0 to 28, with higher scores indicating greater severity of insomnia. | morning of the day of discharge (assessed up 7 days) |
| QoR15 score | The QoR15 score is a measure used to assess the quality of recovery following surgery. It stands for "Quality of Recovery-15," and it is a 15-item questionnaire that evaluates various aspects of a patient's recovery, such as pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and return to physical and cognitive function. The score ranges from 0 to 150, with a higher score indicating a better quality of recovery. | morning of the day of discharge (assessed up 7 days) |
| HCRP | HCRP stands for High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein. It is a blood test that measures the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), which is a marker of inflammation in the body. High-sensitivity CRP tests can detect low levels of CRP, making it a useful tool for monitoring inflammation, cardiovascular risk, and the effectiveness of treatments for various inflammatory conditions. | 48 hours postoperatively |
| Beta-endorphin | Beta-endorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide produced by the body, consisting of 31 amino acids. It is a natural painkiller and plays a role in reducing pain and stress. Beta-endorphin is released in response to stress, pain, or the use of opioids, and it contributes to the body's reward system and regulation of mood. It is also associated with the release of adrenaline during stress or intense physical activity. | 48 hours postoperatively |
| Postoperative adverse reactions | Explore whether cheek acupuncture intervention increases postoperative adverse reactions, including dizziness, abdominal bloating, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and so on. | From date of randomization until the date of discharge, assessed up to 7 days |
| Postoperative severe complications | Postoperative severe complications, including pulmonary complications, heart failure, liver dysfunction, kidney dysfunction, coagulation function, SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome), stroke, and so on. | From date of randomization until the date of discharge, assessed up to 7 days |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D007093 |
| Imidazoles |
| D001393 | Azoles |
| D002227 | Carbazoles |
| D007211 | Indoles |
| D006574 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D006575 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring |