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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5R01LM013624 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Library of Medicine (NLM) | NIH |
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Pharmacists currently perform an independent double-check to identify drug-selection errors before they can reach the patient. However, the use of machine intelligence (MI) to support this cognitive decision-making work by pharmacists does not exist in practice. This research is being conducted to examine the effectiveness machine intelligence (MI) advice on to determine if its impact on pharmacists' work performance and cognitive demand.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interpretable MI | Experimental | Participants receive interpretable machine intelligence to complete the medication verification task. |
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| Uninterpretable MI | Experimental | Participants receive uninterpretable (i.e., black-box) machine intelligence to complete the medication verification task. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No MI Help | Behavioral | Participants will complete the medication verification task without any MI help |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive effort | Difference in cognitive effort measured by duration of fixation and fixation count | 1 day - Single study visit |
| Decision accuracy | Difference in detection rate measured by number of medication verification errors | 1 day - Single study visit |
| Trust change | Difference in trust as measured by visual analog scale will be calculated based on AI advice accuracy. Participants will indicate their level of trust in the AI advice after every trial on a scale from 1-100, with higher scores indicating greater levels of trust. | 1 day - Single study visit |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Reaction time | Difference in task time measured by the number of seconds from starting the task to accepting or rejecting a medication image | 1 day - Single study visit |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | Michigan | 48109 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39888668 | Derived | Tsai CC, Kim JY, Chen Q, Rowell B, Yang XJ, Kontar R, Whitaker M, Lester C. Effect of Artificial Intelligence Helpfulness and Uncertainty on Cognitive Interactions with Pharmacists: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2025 Jan 31;27:e59946. doi: 10.2196/59946. |
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| Interpretable MI | Behavioral | Participants receive interpretable machine intelligence assistance to complete the medication verification tasks. |
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| Uninterpretable MI | Behavioral | Participants receive uninterpretable (i.e., black-box) machine intelligence assistance to complete the medication verification tasks. |
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