Surgical start times significantly impacted mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization, particularly in high-risk patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients aged 18 years or older
• Patients who underwent non-cardiac surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Emergency surgeries
• Cadaver surgeries
• Transplantation surgeries
• Patients with incomplete or missing data, such as follow-up information, operation start times, or laboratory values

The study population includes adult patients aged 18 years or older who underwent elective non-cardiac surgeries at a tertiary hospital. Patients with emergency surgeries, incomplete data on surgical start times, or missing follow-up information were excluded from the analysis. The study focuses on evaluating the impact of surgical start times (morning, afternoon, and nighttime) on postoperative outcomes, including mortality, complications, and ICU admission.

The dataset used and/or analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.