The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of foot massage on patients' back pain and vital signs after coronary angiography. It is important for the transfer of nonpharmacological methods to clinical applications

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) data, approximately 393 million people lost their lives due to cardiovascular diseases in 2019. Similarly, when we look at the causes of death in our country, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause.

Coronary artery disease (CAD), which is among the cardiovascular diseases, is the most important cause of mortality and morbidity. It is also one of the serious diseases that cause significant moral and financial burden on society . Sedentary lifestyle, change in eating habits, smoking, increased life expectancy with advancing technology, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia increase the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. The increasing prevalence of risk factors among healthy individuals suggests that the material and moral burden caused by CAD will increase in the near future.

Early diagnosis and treatment are of vital importance in terms of prognosis in coronary artery diseases . Coronary angiography (CAG) is the gold standard in the diagnosis of CAD. Coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) are the most commonly used invasive procedures in the diagnosis and treatment of CAD. Complications frequently encountered after the CAG procedure are thromboembolism, bleeding, and hematoma. In order to prevent local vascular complications that may occur at the entry site after the TFA procedure, patients should lie flat in the supine position for approximately 4-8 hours after the procedure, depending on the protocols of each hospital. Although the flat supine position is considered safe, it causes various problems in patients. Studies have shown that lying flat on the back for a long time causes complaints such as orthostatic hypotension, aspiration risk, decreased oxygen saturation, urinary retention, increased cardiac load, and back pain. After coronary angiography, patients mostly complain of back pain, and the incidence of back pain has been reported to be between 11.4% and 26.5% .

Back pain can increase sympathetic stimulation, which can increase heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac load, and myocardial oxygen consumption. These problems contribute to worsening myocardial ischemia. Therefore, management of back pain after CAG is of great importance, especially in patients with serious cardiac problems. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are used in pain management. Although painkillers are the most common pain relief method, they can cause side effects such as inadequate pain relief, respiratory depression, somnolence, nausea, vomiting, and paralytic ileus. Therefore, healthcare professionals frequently apply safer integrated health practices that can reduce pain without causing serious side effects. Integrative health practices such as distraction, music, acupressure, aromatherapy, acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), hot and cold applications and massage are used to reduce pain. Massage reduces pain by reducing cortisol and norepinephrine levels, increasing serotonin levels, stimulating endorphin release, facilitating blood flow, and increasing oxygenation in soft tissues. Another mechanism of action of massage is explained by the gate control theory, which argues that massage stimulates large nerve fibers and thus prevents pain signals from being transmitted to the central nervous system . There are many massage methods, such as whole-body massage, back massage, hand massage, and foot massage. Foot massage is among the most common types of massage. In foot massage, a certain amount of pressure is applied to certain points on the sole, which can affect the parts of the body associated with these points . Foot massage facilitates blood and lymph circulation in the body, thus accelerating the removal of waste products from the body, softening and stabilizing the movements of muscles, joints, and tendons, increasing muscle strength, and providing relaxation. Foot massage is a simple, inexpensive, and noninvasive procedure that can be used anywhere without the need for any special equipment and without compromising patient privacy. Kardan et al. In a study conducted by Kotrucihin et al., it was found that foot massage applied after coronary angiography reduced back pain.

Studies have reported that foot massage has positive effects on sleep quality, blood pressure and anxiety in patients with coronary disease, and that it reduces pain intensity and analgesic use when applied after surgery.

Pain diagnosis and control require teamwork. Within this team, nurses have an indispensable role as the healthcare personnel who spend the longest time with the patient. Relieving the patient's pain and increasing their comfort is an important part of nursing care. Nurses, who perform many applications while performing this task, also use massage, which is the most reliable pain control method.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of foot massage on back pain and vital signs after CAG.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Literate
• Over 18 years of age,
• Transfemoral CAG,
• No vision or hearing problems,
• Dorsal pedal and posterior tibial pulses are normal,
• No back pain in the last week before CAG,

Exclusion Criteria:

• No physiological or hemodynamic instability during and after CAG,
• Sensory disorders that impair the perception of back pain (paraplegia)
• Active bleeding at the site of cardiac dysrhythmia or catheter insertion,
• Known hemorrhagic disorders,
• History of spinal surgery or herniated disc in the lower back,
• Inflammation or infection in the leg or sole,
• Serious health problems in the feet,
• Not using opioid agents, tranquilizers or anesthetics before, during and 4 hours after CAG

Pre- and post- implementation results of intervention and control group scales (statistical analysis). Participants' descriptive characteristics and participant consent form.

Once published, the data is available indefinitely.

Data can be shared publicly.