Augmented reality training to Experimental group

Task based training to the Control Group

Each participant will receive a standard trial consisting of 20 training sessions (2-5 sessions per week, 120 min per session) in consecutive 4-10 weeks. Each session will consist of 2-10 exercises selected by the trainer from a pool of 46 exercises. The selected exercises will be tailored based on the participant's condition and progress. The exercise pool will be designed as comprehensively as possible to cover the upper limb (22 exercises and lower limb (7 exercises) motor functions, balance ability (11 exercises), or/and coordination (6 exercises).

Each exercise with a duration ranging from 3 to 23 min, and will be determined by a set of parameters that can be adjusted to the individuals dynamically according to the participant's performance.

The cumulative test score for all components is 226 with availability of specific subtest scores (e.g., UE maximum score is 66, LE score 34; balance score 14). This instrument has good construct validity and high reliability (r 0.99) for determining motor function.

The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is used to objectively determine a patient's ability (or inability) to safely balance during a series of predetermined tasks. It is a 14 item list with each item consisting of a five-point ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 4, with 0 indicating the lowest level of function and 4 the highest level of function and takes approximately 20 minutes to complete.

The Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC) is a 6-point functional walking test that evaluates ambulation ability, determining how much human support the patient requires when walking, regardless of whether or not they use a personal assistive device. The FAC is a quick visual measurement of walking, is simple to use, easy to interpret. The test has good interrater reliability (κ=.72) and excellent test-retest reliability (k=.950).

The 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12v2) is a validated questionnaire widely used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) focusing on both physical and mental health dimensions. The SF-12v2 consists of 12 questions that cover eight domains of health, leading to two primary summary scores:

Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS).The SF-12v2 exhibits high internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients typically exceeding 0.80 for both the PCS and MCS components.