The aim of this interventional, cross-sectional and pathophysiological experimental study is to evaluate the potential of a patient's induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, used prior to the re-differentiation stage, to enable ex vivo repair of the injured epithelium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), smokers without COPD and non-smoking controls.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

• to evaluate the repair capacity of bronchial epithelium in COPD subjects, using a model of bronchial epithelium reconstituted in air/liquid interface culture and the iPS model.
• epithelia repair capacities in normal or aberrant situations, as well as the time required for this repair, and to determine the involvement of grafted iPS cells in epithelia repair in cultured control subjects, smokers without COPD and COPD patients.

Researchers will compare 3 groups of participants (COPD patients, smokers without COPD and non-smokers without COPD) for epithelial repair efficacy between non-grafted ALI cultures and ALI cultures grafted with iPS cells, in order to assess their contribution to epithelial repair.

Participants will undergo a bronchial fibroscopy (for clinical indications) with two additional biopsies specific to the study.

This research could lead to breakthroughs in cell-based therapies for COPD, with long-term implications for epigenetic treatments and in vivo applications.

Recently, the research team were able to show that there is a deficiency in a particular subtype of club cells destined to become ciliated in COPD, which would explain the inversion of the ciliated cell/caliciform cell ratio and therefore in the formation of the mucous plugs involved in bronchiolar obstruction.

iPS (induced pluripotent stem cells) represent a major biological breakthrough that has been awarded a Nobel Prize. They offer the advantage of being pluripotent, capable of multiplying endlessly, and thus of differentiating into any other cell type, or even organ, in short, embryogenesis. Researchers have developed a protocol for differentiating iPS cells into bronchial epithelia, with interesting success. These epithelia reconstituted in an air-liquid interface (iALI) reproduce all the characteristics of epithelia in vivo, in particular with the presence of all cell subtypes.

The research team hypothesizes that a patient's iPS cells, used before the re-differentiation stage, will enable ex vivo repair of his damaged epithelium.

The expected results of this project will be to validate the in vitro model of epithelial cell aggression in air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures, and to determine the feasibility of seeding iPS-derived epithelial cells. ALI epithelia from COPD patients would repair better or even normally thanks to iPS.

Ultimately, this project could be a potential therapy targeting epigenetics, and why not a cell therapy.

General Inclusion Criteria

• Male and female participants aged 18 years or older.
• Participants with a bronchoscopy indication determined by a pulmonologist (e.g., follow-up exploration, nodule investigation, hemoptysis, cough, sputum production, recurrent bronchitis, or differential diagnosis).

Group 1 Inclusion Criteria: COPD

• Current or former smokers (≥10 pack-years).
• Diagnosed with COPD: FEV1/FVC < 0.7 (confirmed by spirometry available in the medical file within the past year).

Group 2 Inclusion Criteria: Smokers without COPD (n=10)

• Current or former smokers (≥10 pack-years).
• No obstructive ventilatory disorder identified by clinical examination and/or (FEV1/FVC > 0.7 and FEV1 > 70% of predicted values) confirmed by spirometry within the past year.

Group 3 Inclusion Criteria: Non-smoker controls (n=10)

• Never-smokers or former smokers who quit more than 10 years ago (<10 pack-years).
• No obstructive ventilatory disorder identified by clinical examination and/or (FEV1/FVC > 0.7 and FEV1 > 70% of predicted values) confirmed by spirometry within the past year.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participant with extensive neoplastic disease.
• Participant with another progressive pulmonary condition (e.g., asthma, tuberculosis, interstitial lung disease, active or recent pulmonary infection).
• Participant consuming illicit drugs or alcohol.
• Individual deprived of liberty (by judicial or administrative decision, or under involuntary hospitalization).
• Individual currently enrolled in another research study with an ongoing exclusion period.
• Participant with recent psychiatric disorders (e.g., involuntary hospitalization, mental health conditions preventing informed consent, or requiring immediate medical intervention).
• Adult under legal protection (e.g., guardianship, curatorship, or judicial protection).
• Participant unable to provide informed consent.
• Participant not fluent in French and without a trusted person to assist with comprehension.
• Participant not affiliated with or covered by a social security system.
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
• Participant refusing to provide consent after being informed.
• Participant unable or incapable of expressing consent.