The NOSES group employs two distinct methods for specimen extraction, both of which have been thoroughly outlined in previous studies. The first method, transvaginal extraction, begins with the irrigation and disinfection of the vagina, followed by a transverse incision in the posterior fornix. The assistant then utilizes oval forceps to carefully extract the specimen bag through the incision, which is subsequently closed with continuous full-thickness sutures, using barbed sutures to ensure secure closure. The second method, transrectal extraction, similarly begins with irrigation of the rectum using a dilute iodine solution, followed by a longitudinal incision along the anterior wall of the upper rectum. The specimen, along with the protective sleeve, is then removed using oval forceps, and the incision is closed with a continuous full-layer running suture once the specimen has been completely extracted.

Totally Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy (TLRH), which involves performing intracorporeal anastomosis and specimen extraction through a small abdominal incision, enhances the benefits of minimally invasive surgery In the TLRH group, following the stapled side-to-side anastomosis, a small horizontal incision is made about 2 to 3 cm above the symphysis pubis, at the junction of the pubic hairline, to allow for specimen removal.

Transvaginal extraction, begins with the irrigation and disinfection of the vagina, followed by a transverse incision in the posterior fornix. The assistant then utilizes oval forceps to carefully extract the specimen bag through the incision, which is subsequently closed with continuous full-thickness sutures, using barbed sutures to ensure secure closure. Similarly, transrectal extraction begins with irrigation of the rectum using a dilute iodine solution, followed by a longitudinal incision along the anterior wall of the upper rectum. The specimen, along with the protective sleeve, is then removed using oval forceps, and the incision is closed with a continuous full-layer running suture once the specimen has been completely extracted.

The rate of postoperative complications = patients with any postoperative complications/all cases.

Operating time = The Operative time was defined as the time first skin incision was made to final skin closure

The time of first flatus = The time of first flatus reported by patients

Estimated blood loss = The sum of the blood in the suction canister (the total volume after subtracting the amount of irrigation fluid used) and the segment of increased weight of swabs used during operation phase (1 ml of blood is about weighs 1g)