This study aim to develope novel breath markers of gestational diabetes through a prospective high-risk population cohort study and achieve early prediction of gestational diabetes based on an interpretable machine learning model.

Eligibility Criteria

• 18-55 years old
• 11-14 weeks of pregnancy
• at least one risk factor for GDM
• signed a written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diabetes mellitus or abnormal glucose metabolism before pregnancy
• Hyperemesis gravidarum (urine ketone positive))
• Thyroid dysfunction
• Asthmatic patients
• Hypertensive diseases that are difficult to control
• Severe hepatic and renal insufficiency or severe electrolyte disturbance
• Malignant tumor
• Acute inflammation
• lung disease
• Patients with gastritis, duodenum and other digestive system diseases
• Those with upper respiratory or oral problems who cannot cooperate with expiratory collection
• smoker

The population in this study include pregnant women aged 18-55 years and at 11-14 weeks gestation with at least one risk factor for GDM