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Numerous studies have emphasized the debilitating effects of chronic low back pain (CLBP), which persists for over 12 weeks and impacts approximately 20% of the global population. The etiology of CLBP encompasses various factors, such as sedentary lifestyles, diminished muscle strength, poor neuromuscular control of deep trunk muscles, and compromised proprioception, all contributing to lumbar spine strain. These factors result in limitations in essential daily activities, significantly diminishing the overall quality of life. Continued exploration in this field is essential to furthering our understanding of managing chronic low back pain. Investigating alternative treatment approaches, such as proprioceptive, calisthenic, and kinesthetic exercises, contributes to expanding the range of solutions available for addressing this issue. Embracing a diverse array of interventions not only proves beneficial but also holds promise in providing long-term advantages for enhancing patients' overall well-being. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively investigate the combined effects of proprioceptive, kinesthetic, and calisthenic exercises, alongside core stabilization exercises, in alleviating chronic low back pain and their potential to enhance range of motion and diminish functional disability in individuals with CLBP in Lahore, Pakistan.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group A | Active Comparator | This control group will only participate in core stabilization exercises and heat therapy. The exercise session would be held 3 times a week. |
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| Group B | Experimental | This intervention group will consist of participants who will engage in proprioceptive, calisthenic, and kinesthetic exercises along with core stabilization exercises and heat therapy. The exercise session would be held 3 times a week. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| core stabilization exercises | Other | The core exercises would be held for 7 to 8 seconds, repeated 10 times, and rest for 3 seconds between repetitions and 1 minute rest between each exercise. These exercises will include:
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) | A numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) would be used to assess the patient's pain measure for chronic low back pain before and after exercises. This 11-point numeric scale ranges from '0' representing one pain extreme (e.g. "no pain") to '10' representing the other pain extreme (e.g. "pain as bad as you can imagine" or "worst pain imaginable"). The NPRS has a validity of 0.86 to 0.95 and a reliability of 0.96. | baseline, after 4 weeks |
| inclinometer | An inclinometer would be used to measure the range of motion for the lumbar spine. The inclinometer for lumbar ROM has a reliability of 0.97. | baseline, after 4 weeks |
| Modified ODI for disability (Urdu version) | Modified ODI for disability (Urdu version) would be used to assess the patient's functional disability for chronic low back pain at 0 weeks and then at 4 weeks. The modified ODI has a reliability of 0.90. For each question, 0 points is the minimum, and 5 points is the maximum. Add up the total score for 10 questions. | baseline, after 4 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Syed Shakil ur Rehman, PhD | Riphah International University, Lahore | Study Director |
| Hatoma Fatima Malik, DPT | Riphah International University, Lahore | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Riphah Rehab Training and Research Center | Lahore | Punjab Province | 54760 | Pakistan |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003972 | Diathermy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006979 | Hyperthermia, Induced |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
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| heat therapy | Other | The heat therapy would be applied to the lumbar region for 10 minutes. |
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| proprioceptive exercises | Other | The proprioceptive exercises will include rest for 3 seconds between repetitions and 1-minute rest between each exercise. These exercises will include:
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| calisthenic exercises | Other | The calisthenic exercises will include:
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| kinesthetic exercises | Other | The kinesthetic exercises will have 1 minute rest in between exercises. These exercises will include:
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