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Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a clinical condition in which the structures within the canal are compressed as a result of the narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal and nerve root canals, which is often caused by bones and soft tissues, causing back pain and neurological deficits in the lower extremities. The incidence in the general population has been reported as 1.7-8%. It begins to be seen after the age of 50 and its incidence increases after the age of 65. According to studies, LSS has been detected in 5% of patients who apply to a general practitioner with persistent back pain. Although it can be congenital, most cases of lumbar spinal stenosis are caused by changes in the aging spine as a result of degenerative processes. Changes that can lead to lumbar spinal stenosis include facet joint hypertrophy, decreased intervertebral disc height, osteophyte formation and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy. Clinical findings of LSS include symptoms such as back pain, leg pain, paresthesia, weakness and neurogenic claudication. Patients with neurogenic claudication experience increased pain when walking and standing and decreased pain when bending forward. Patients with LSS often change their spinal posture to allow more lumbar flexion to minimize pain and symptoms while walking; this can lead to gait abnormalities.
Walking function is important for the maintenance of daily living activities. Gait disturbance is associated with poor health outcomes. In a gait cycle, the foot has two distinct phases: stance and swing. These gait phases can be analyzed as a proportion of the gait cycle and compared to normative values. Furthermore, with the use of more advanced systems and devices, it is also possible to assess asymmetries and gait variability in the pelvis and other structures during gait.
Technological advances have led to the emergence of reliable surface sensor technologies capable of gait analysis in the form of wearable accelerometers. These devices provide continuous and objective data streams, including parameters such as daily step count, step rate, and step length. Numerous studies have investigated walking function in LSS patients using various devices including motion capture systems, inertial sensors, accelerometers, wearable technologies, electromyography (EMG) and force platforms. In the study, walking impairment in LSS patients compared to healthy participants was a significant decrease in walking speed and step length, a slight decrease in cadence and a slight increase in step duration. As the double-step support and stance phase ratios increase, the swing phase ratio decreases. Walking asymmetry between the feet also increases in all phases including stance, swing and double-step support. In addition, LSS patients may exhibit gait variability with each step. The reasons for these changing gait patterns are thought to be radicular pain, muscle weakness, low walking tolerance and increased instability with lumbar spine posture in the lumbar extension position during walking.
Winter et al. evaluated the walking ability in daily life in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis and lumbar spinal stenosis with the help of a wearable accelerometer device. As a result of the study, walking ability was found to be significantly lower in LSS individuals compared to healthy individuals.
Santos et al. examined the kinematic and spatiotemporal gait parameters in patients who underwent surgery with a diagnosis of disc herniation or lumbar stenosis before surgery and 1 and 6 months after surgery. As a result of the study, there was an increase in the pelvis, hip and knee range of motion (ROM) after surgery in the disc herniation group, while there was a decrease in the hip ROM values in the stenosis group. It was also observed that the pelvis and hip ROM of both groups remained smaller in the stance phase compared to the control group.
Papadakis et al. examined the changes in gait in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis with the help of an accelerometer before surgery and 6 and 12 months after surgery and showed that there was a significant decrease in the changes in gait in the postoperative period. It was observed that the improvement in the changes in gait was greater in the first month after surgery compared to the 6th and 12th months after surgery.
Purpose of the study:
The study was planned to compare the gait in healthy and patient groups in patients who underwent LSS surgery.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| lumbar spinal stenosis patient group | Assessment of Disability Status (Oswestry Disability Index) Pain Assessment (Visual Analog Scale-VAS) Quality of Life Assessment (SF-12) Evaluation of Gait Parameters: 10 Meter Walk Test-BTS G-Walk gait analysis system | ||
| healthy control group | Quality of Life Assessment (SF-12) Evaluation of Gait Parameters: 10 Meter Walk Test-BTS G-Walk gait analysis system |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Assessment of Disability Status (Oswestry Disability Index) | It was developed to assess the degree of functional loss in low back pain. The Oswestry Disability Index (OSI), which was shown to be valid and reliable in Turkish in 2004, consists of 10 items. The items question the severity of pain, self-care, lifting and carrying, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, the degree of change in pain, travel and social life. There are six statements under each item, which the patient marks as appropriate for his/her condition. The first statement is scored as "0", the sixth statement as "5". The score given by the participant to each question is added up. The total score received by the patient is divided by the maximum possible score of 50 points and multiplied by 100 to calculate the percentage. The maximum percentage is "100", the minimum percentage is "0". As the total percentage score increases, the level of disability also increases. | 10 minutes |
| Pain Assessment (Visual Analog Scale-VAS) | It is a scale consisting of a single 10 cm line and the pain intensity of patients is evaluated with this scale. Participants are asked to mark the pain intensity at rest and during activity with a pencil on two separate 10 cm lines. The starting point on the scale is expressed as: no pain at all, the last point; the most severe pain encountered in life. When calculating, the distance between the marked point and the starting point is measured in cm with meters. An increase in the score indicates an increase in the intensity of the pain. | 2 minutes |
| Quality of Life Assessment (SF-12) | It is a shortened and simplified form of the SF-36 Quality of Life Scale used to assess quality of life. Its Turkish validity and reliability were conducted by Soylu et al. in 2022. The results of the study show that the psychometric properties of the Turkish form of SF-12 are similar to the original version, and therefore it can be used in applications and research to be conducted in our country as an alternative to SF-36. It consists of a total of 12 questions. Each question has its own score. When calculating, 8 sub-items are calculated as percentages, including general health, physical function, physical role difficulty, emotional role difficulty, social function, pain, mental health and vitality. In percentage expressions ranging from 0 to 100, a high percentage indicates good health status. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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patients with spinal stenosis who have undergone surgery
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatma ÖZ | Contact | 5358510875 | fatmaoz8499@gmail.com |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pamukkale University | Recruiting | Denizli | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013130 | Spinal Stenosis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013122 | Spinal Diseases |
| D001847 | Bone Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
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| 5 minutes |
| 10 Meter Walk Test | It is a test used to evaluate walking. A 10-meter area is determined in advance by the evaluator who will perform the test. The participant is asked to walk at his normal speed along the 10-meter area. When the participant is at the starting line, the stopwatch is started with the start command and the time is stopped when he crosses the finish line. In order to minimize the margin of error, two measurements are taken and the best value is recorded in meters/second (m/s). | 5 minutes |
| BTS G-Walk gait analysis system | It is an analysis method that measures all important information such as spatio-temporal parameters of walking, general walking kinematics, spine kinematics and displays this in a computer environment. In the BTS G-Walk walking analysis system, the analysis port is attached to the patient's L5-S1 level and the results are transferred to the computer via the Bluetooth system. With this system; while comparing the walking analysis with normal values in the right and left extremities, it also allows the kinematic analysis of the pelvis to be performed in 3 planes. The resulting reports are created automatically and the system compares directly with the normal range results. | 10 minutes |