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Accumulating evidence demonstrates that breathing air pollutants leads to devastating increases in sickness and death worldwide over time. However, there is little data comparing the effects of different types of air pollution on health. In Canada, traffic-related air pollution and wood smoke (wildfires and wood burning for heating) are very common air pollutants. This study aims to safely complete a controlled human exposure study to test how these air pollution types acutely affect health.
Healthy adult participants (total 48; 24 of each biological sex assigned at birth) will breathe filtered air (control), wood smoke (WS), diesel exhaust (DE), and DE plus WS (DEWS) each for 2 hours, with 4 weeks between each exposure (washout). Before and after each exposure, participants will answer questions, perform breathing tests, and give blood samples. At 24 hours after each exposure, participants will undergo a bronchoscopy to collect samples from their lungs.
The study will look at what (if any) are the differences between breathing in fresh air (filtered air - FA) or polluted air containing either wood smoke (WS), diesel exhaust (DE) or diesel exhaust plus wood smoke (DEWS). The research team will use wood smoke generated from pine wood, since it is one of the most common types of wood found in Western Canadian forests where forest fires occur.
The investigators will evaluate multiple endpoints as detailed in the Outcome Measures section. For each applicable endpoint, the investigators will evaluate stratified analyses and effect modification by biological sex, participant age, gene score, and microbiomes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Filtered Air (FA) | Placebo Comparator | Participants will be exposed to 2 hours of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtered air (FA). |
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| Wood Smoke (WS) | Active Comparator | Participants will be exposed to 2 hours of controlled wood smoke (WS) standardized to 300ug/m^3 of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5). |
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| Diesel Exhaust (DE) | Active Comparator | Participants will be exposed to 2 hours of controlled diesel exhaust (DE) as a model of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) standardized to 300ug/m^3 of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5). |
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| Diesel Exhaust and Wood Smoke (DEWS) | Active Comparator | Participants will be exposed to 2 hours of combined controlled diesel exhaust (DE) and wood smoke (DEWS) standardized to 300ug/m^3 of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5). |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filtered Air (FA) | Other | Exposure to HEPA filtered air, as a control |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Woodsmoke (WS) and/or diesel exhaust (DE) exposure effects on inflammatory cells in the lungs. | Differentially count lung cells. | Comparison of the different arms (over the span of ~5 months). |
| Within-individual change in lung transcriptomic biomarkers of inflammation following exposure to woodsmoke and/or diesel exhaust. | Within-individual change in lung biomarkers of inflammation (serum amyloid A (SAA), c-reactive protein (CRP), chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18), and fibrinogen) in RNA. | Through study completion, anticipated ~5 months. |
| Within-individual change in lung protein biomarkers of inflammation following exposure to woodsmoke and/or diesel exhaust. | Within-individual change in lung biomarkers of inflammation (serum amyloid A (SAA), c-reactive protein (CRP), chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18), and fibrinogen) in protein. | Through study completion, anticipated ~5 months. |
| Within-individual change in circulating transcriptomic biomarkers of inflammation following exposure to woodsmoke and/or diesel exhaust. | Within-individual change in circulating biomarkers of inflammation (CX3CL1, CCL23, CXCL8, SAA, MMP9, MMP12, APOB, APOM, SOD1, NQO1, HMOX1, CAT, CYP1B1, CYP1A2, NFE2L2 and AHRR) in RNA. | Through study completion, anticipated ~5 months. |
| Within-individual change in circulating protein biomarkers of inflammation following exposure to woodsmoke and/or diesel exhaust. | Within-individual change in circulating protein biomarkers of inflammation (CX3CL1, CCL23, CXCL8, SAA, MMP9, MMP12, APOB, APOM, SOD1, NQO1, HMOX1, CAT, CYP1B1, CYP1A2, NFE2L2 and AHRR). | Through study completion, anticipated ~5 months. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Woodsmoke (WS) and/or diesel exhaust (DE) exposure effects on inflammatory cells in the nose. | Differentially count nasal cells. | Comparison of the different arms (over the span of ~5 months). |
| Within-individual changes in exhaled nitric oxide following woodsmoke (WS) and/or diesel exhaust (DE) exposures. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agnes Yuen | Contact | 604-875-4111 | 66455 | agnes.yuen@ubc.ca |
| Parteek Johal | Contact | 604-875-5132 |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Chris Carlsten, MD | University of British Columbia | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of British Columbia | Vancouver | British Columbia | V5Z 1M9 | Canada |
Participant data that underlie the results reported in accepted articles for publications, after deidentification (text, tables, figures, and appendices).
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Immediately following publication. No end date.
Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal to the PI to complement the approved study aims.
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| Wood Smoke (WS) |
| Other |
Wood smoke (WS) standardized to 300µg/m³ of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5). |
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| Diesel Exhaust (DE) | Other | Diesel exhaust (DE) standardized to 300µg/m³ of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5). |
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| Diesel Exhaust and Wood Smoke (DEWS) | Other | Combined diesel exhaust and wood smoke standardized to 300µg/m³ of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5). |
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| Within-individual change in airway resistance following exposures to woodsmoke and/or diesel exhaust. |
Within-individual change in airway resistance, as measured by impulse oscillometry (resonant frequency (Fres) and peripheral airway resistance (R5-R20)) across exposures to woodsmoke and/or diesel exhaust relative to filtered air. |
| Through study completion, anticipated ~5 months. |
Measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in parts per billion (ppb). |
| Comparison of the different arms (over the span of ~5 months). |
| Woodsmoke (WS) and/or diesel exhaust (DE) exposure effects on symptoms, stress and perceptions. | Visual analog score (0-100) questionnaire will be completed, with a higher score indicating a worse outcome. | Comparison of the different arms (over the span of ~5 months). |
| Woodsmoke (WS) and/or diesel exhaust (DE) exposure effects on lung function. | Lung function as evaluated by spirometry (e.g. FEV1). | Comparison of the different arms (over the span of ~5 months). |
| Woodsmoke (WS) and/or diesel exhaust (DE) exposure effects on nasal resistance. | Measurement of peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF). | Comparison of the different arms (over the span of ~5 months). |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D065631 | Rhinitis, Allergic |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012220 | Rhinitis |
| D009668 | Nose Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D012130 | Respiratory Hypersensitivity |
| D010038 | Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases |
| D006969 | Hypersensitivity, Immediate |
| D006967 | Hypersensitivity |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001335 | Vehicle Emissions |
| D000397 | Air Pollution |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D045424 | Complex Mixtures |
| D004787 | Environmental Pollution |
| D011634 | Public Health |
| D004778 | Environment and Public Health |
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