Participants randomized to the experimental condition received a 2-week supply of chlorhexidine gluconate pre-saturated, single-use swabs that they were instructed to use for cleaning their skin prior to injecting for the next 2 weeks.

Participants randomized to a usual care condition received a 2-week supply of isopropyl alcohol swabs that that they were instructed to use for the next 2 weeks to clean their skin prior to injecting.

Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is a cationic bisguanide that works through disruption of cell membranes. CHG has broad spectrum activity against gram-positive bacteria and to a lesser extent gram negative bacteria. CHG has significant residual activity and addition of alcohol based preparations results in even greater residual activity compared to alcohol alone. CHG acts in the presence of organic material (e.g., blood and biofilm) and its antimicrobial activity is slower than that of alcohols.

Prevantics® 1 ml Swab contains a cutaneous solution of 3.15% w/v chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and 70% v/v isopropyl alcohol (IPA), which is commonly used for the preparation of a patient's skin prior to surgery or venipuncture. Prevantics® Swab is available as a single use pre-moistened 2-sided applicator (1.0 ml).

This question asks how often participants use isopropyl alcohol or chlorhexidine gluconate swabs to disinfect their skin before injecting drugs (never, rarely, occasionally, sometimes, frequently, usually, always)

9-items measure swab acceptability, convenience, safety, ease of use, usefulness, tolerability, satisfaction, and self-efficacy

Assessed as redness, swelling, tenderness at an injection site.