The primary aim of this study is to explore the relationship between alpha electroencephalographic oscillations, particularly Peak Alpha Frequency (PAF), pupillometry, intraoperative Nociception Level (NOL) and postoperative pain following major thoracic surgeries.

Goals to investigate the use of preoperative EEG as a biomarker for the prediction of postoperative pain to investigate the use of pupillometry in postoperative pain prediction and evaluation to test intraoperative NOL as a predicting factor of postoperative pain

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients aged 18 years or older scheduled for open lung lobectomy due to early-stage lung cancer.

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1) Severe neurological disorders (e.g. dementia) that could interfere with EEG recordings or pain testing.

  2) Severe psychiatric conditions such as major depression, schizophrenia, or active drug abuse.

  3) Preoperative analgesic therapy, which may alter EEG signals (Boord et al. 2008).

  4) Diabetes mellitus 5) Chronic pain of any etiology 6) Acute pain from any cause

Patients admitted to Evangelismos General Hospital in Athens, Greece, for lung cancer treatment.

IPD that underlie results in publications: Only the individual-level data that directly support the published results or findings (e.g., data used in statistical analyses that led to conclusions). Anonymized data .