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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| University of Sulaimani | Other Identifier | College of Pharmacy |
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Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) have resulted from peripheral arterial ischemia and peripheral neuropathy that are complicated with infections and amputation of the lower extremities. Uncontrolled glycemic status and significantly higher glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are associated with DFUs. This study aimed to assess the acute-to-chronic glycemic ratio (ACGR) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) with DFUs and compare it with those without DFUs, considering the relationships of this ratio with other indices that characterized the pathogenesis of T2D. This cross-sectional study was conducted on T2D with DFUs and non-DFUs. The primary outcome is ACGR. The secondary outcomes are indices related to the anthropometric, metabolic, and hematological variables.
DFUs are a macrovascular complication of diabetes mellitus resulting from peripheral artery disease and peripheral neuropathy that commonly affects the lower extremities. The DFUs are usually classified and scored according to the clinical findings. The ACGR is computed by dividing the acute (or current, or on admission in hospital) plasma glucose level by the chronic plasma glucose level calculated using the current (or on admission) HbA1c value.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group I : patients presented with DFUs. | Participants who were referred to the consultant clinics at the Shar hospital were included if they had (i) a history of T2D irrespective of antidiabetic medicines or (ii) clinical and laboratory evidence of diabetic foot ulcers. |
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| Group II: patients who had T2D without DFUs | The participants have no previous history of diabetic foot ulcer or amputation. There were managed with oral anti-diabetes or occasionally with short term insulin therapy |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute-to-chronic glycemic ratio | Other | This ratio could be related to diabetic foot ulcer |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Acute-to-chronic glycemic ratio | The glycemic index represents the current or acute level of fasting plasma glucose and the HbA1c, which indicates the chronic glycemic status, is elevated in DFUs. The chronic plasma glucose level could be determined by using the equation of 28.7 × HbA1c (%) - 46.7. | The measurement is done at the time of recruitment |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Leucocyte-glucose index | Leukocyte-glucose index (LGI) combines total leukocyte and plasma glucose levels, which could serve as a prognostic biomarker of DFUs. | at the time of recruitment |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Type 2 Diabetes Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcers Treatment with oral anti-diabetes +/- insulin
Exclusion Criteria:
History of recent systemic infections Alcohol consumption Surgical procedures within 4 weeks Pregnant or breast-feeding women; Terminal illnesses.
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Diabetic participants with or without diabetic foot ulcer who were referred to the consultant clinics at the Shar hospital in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq were recruited
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Rawa A Ratha, M.Sc., PhD | College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| College of Medicine, University of Diyala | Baqubah | Diyala Governorate | 32001 | Iraq |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37395769 | Background | Armstrong DG, Tan TW, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Review. JAMA. 2023 Jul 3;330(1):62-75. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.10578. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| An article was studied the benefit of determination the stress hyperglycemia | View source |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017719 | Diabetic Foot |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003925 | Diabetic Angiopathies |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D016523 | Foot Ulcer |
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| D007871 |
| Leg Ulcer |
| D012883 | Skin Ulcer |
| D012871 | Skin Diseases |
| D017437 | Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases |
| D048909 | Diabetes Complications |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D003929 | Diabetic Neuropathies |