The goal of this retrospective study is to learn about the correlation between diabetes, insulin resistance and body compositions.

The main question[s] it aims to answer are:

• [The difference of body composition between the individuals of insulin resistance and diabetes]
• [The effect of diabetes on body composition]

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adults aged 18 years and older.
2. Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus according to recognized diagnostic criteria.
3. Availability of complete body composition data (e.g., DXA measurements).
4. Documented HbA1c levels and other glycemic control data.
5. Continuous medical records available during the study period

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Presence of other severe metabolic diseases, such as liver failure or kidney failure.
2. Use of medications affecting muscle mass (e.g., glucocorticoids) for more than three months.
3. History of malignancy or ongoing treatment for cancer.
4. Missing critical research data (e.g., diabetes duration or HbA1c levels).
5. History of surgeries causing significant body composition changes (e.g., bariatric surgery).

This study includes adult patients aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The population consists of individuals with documented medical records, including diabetes duration, glycemic control data (HbA1c levels), and body composition measurements such as muscle mass assessments. The study also includes a control group of non-diabetic individuals matched by age and sex to enable comparative analysis.