Participants undergo WBV training as outlined in the WBV intervention, 3 days per week for 3 weeks. The sessions begin with a duration of 10 minutes in the first week, with the duration increasing each week thereafter. They also perform the home exercises assigned to the Control group on the same days as their PRE sessions.

Participants undergo PRE training as outlined in the PRE intervention, 3 days per week for 3 weeks. The training focuses on strengthening the quadriceps muscles using ankle weights. The load is determined using the DeLorme principle at the start of each week. They also perform the home exercises assigned to the Control group on the same days as their PRE sessions.

Participants perform home exercises three days per week for 3 weeks. The exercises consist of range of motion (ROM) and isometric strengthening exercises as detailed in the intervention section.

Participants use the "Compex Winplate," designed specifically for vibration training. The device is set with a frequency of 30 Hz and an amplitude of 4 mm. Participants perform a total of 5 exercises consisting of static and dynamic squat exercises, with a 30-second rest period between sets and between different exercises. The exercises and progression over the weeks are as follows:

Week 1:

• Static squat with knees flexed at 30° - 2 sets of 30 seconds each
• Dynamic squat with knees flexed between 0-60° - 2 sets of 30 seconds each
• Fingertip-to-sole partial dynamic squat with knees flexed at 30° - 2 sets of 30 seconds each
• Consecutive weight transfer with knees flexed at 45° - 2 sets of 30 seconds each
• Single leg static squat with knees flexed at 30° - 30 seconds per leg

Subsequent Weeks: The duration of each set increases by 10 seconds each week. Each training session includes a 5-minute warm-up and a 5-minute cooldown, consisting of joint motion and muscle stretching exercises.

Quadriceps isometric muscle strength is measured using an Isokinetic dynamometer (CSMI Humac Norm, Stoughton, MA). Measurements are taken in a sitting position with the knee positioned at two angles: 30° and 60° of flexion. For each angle, one trial is performed followed by three real measurements, with the highest peak torque recorded in Newton-meters (Nm). Participants are secured to the dynamometer, and all settings and positions are standardized. Prior to measurements, the device is calibrated, and participants perform a 5-minute warm-up and familiarize themselves with the test procedure. Verbal encouragement is provided during the tests.

The TUG test assesses lower-extremity function performance, dynamic balance, and fall risk. Participants stand up from a standard chair (43 cm height), walk 3 meters, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down. Timing is performed using a chronograph, and one practice trial is conducted before the actual test. The entire walking test is timed in seconds.