Cortical Processing of Proprioception Related to Pitching Performance in Baseball Players With Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit

Cortical Processing of Proprioception Related to Pitching Performance in Baseball Players With Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit

The current study aims to characterize the cortical activity and proprioceptive acuity in baseball players with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). Additionally, the correlations between cortical activity, proprioceptive acuity, and pitching performance will be examined. The evaluation of proprioception will be conducted using the active joint reposition sense of the shoulder. Simultaneously, the investigators will record cortical activity by electroencephalography (EEG). To represent pitching performance, the investigators will collect ball velocity and pitching accuracy. This will help the investigators understand the process of proprioception in the central nervous system, as well as factors associated with pitching performance in baseball players with GIRD.

Inclusion Criteria:

• playing baseball for at least one year
• still active in training or competition
• frequency of training or games should be at least 3 hours per week

Exclusion Criteria:

• current dominant upper extremities pain
• a history of upper extremities surgical interventions or fractures or dislocation or degenerative joint disease
• cervical radiculopathy within 6 months
• lower extremities injury or surgery within the current 6 months
• Visual analog scale (VAS) > 5 during movement in the experiment