The principal outcome assessed was the duration until the initial request for analgesia post-surgery. The secondary outcomes encompassed the total quantity of analgesics administered (ketorolac, paracetamol, and morphine) within the initial 24 hours. Pain levels, measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), were evaluated at rest and during movement at many intervals following surgery (1, 6, 12, and 24 hours). The study also observed postoperative complications, such as emesis, hypotension, bradycardia, and pruritus.

One of the most frequently performed surgical procedures worldwide is the repair of an open inguinal hernia, with a postoperative pain severity of moderate to severe affecting over 60% of patients. Post-surgical analgesia frequently employs a multifaceted approach, incorporating oral pharmacotherapy and regional anesthetic procedures. Opioids are a conventional option for postoperative pain management; nevertheless, their administration is linked to adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, sleepiness, pruritus, and respiratory depression, which may impede the recovery process. Non-opioid alternatives, however, can improve patient rehabilitation and overall outcomes. The Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block efficiently reduces early postoperative discomfort and decreases narcotic usage, which is a significant advantage for patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. To alleviate pain in the abdominal wall muscles, peritoneum, and skin, this treatment involves administering a local anesthetic into the space between the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles.]2[](streamdown:incomplete-link)

Inclusion Criteria:

• with ASA physical status I or II
• scheduled for elective unilateral inguinal hernioplasty under spinal anesthesia
• aged 18 to 60 years
• both genders

Exclusion Criteria:

patient refusal, BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 incapacity to engage in pain assessment contraindications to spinal anesthesia (e.g., coagulopathy, skin infection)

- and intolerance to the research medications.

The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author after the end of study for one year.

After the end of study for one year.

The data will be available upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author.