Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The aim of study was to evaluate the role of exercise on serum irisin levels in hypothyroid rats.
Contracting skeletal muscle acts as an endocrine organ, capable of secreting hormones called myokines, such as interleukin 1, Interleukin 15 and Irisin. Myokines are important for regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Among these, irisin, is an exercise induced polypeptide, secreted mainly by skeletal muscles and adipose tissue. Irisin is also secreted in small amounts from cardiac muscle, pancreas and sebaceous glands. It is cleaved and secreted from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5 gene) and is regulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co activator 1-α (PGC1-α) .
The most important function of Irisin is thermogenesis, by inducing the browning of white adipose tissue, thereby increasing energy consumption, encouraging weight loss and decreasing dietary insulin resistance. Linking Irisin levels with obesity, its mechanism shows that after exercise there is up regulation of a thermogenin ,an Uncoupling Protein-1 (UCP-1) Thyroid hormone also plays an important role in glucose-lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Hypothyroidism, a decrease in thyroid hormone levels, can lead to obesity and metabolic syndrome. It has been found that thyroid hormone is also involved in thermogenesis by inducing browning of white adipose tissue, through thyroid hormone receptors. In hypothyroidism, many metabolic processes in the body are affected such as differentiation in the adipose tissue. Increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) causes adipogenesis by stimulating pre-adipocyte differentiation directly through the receptors in the adipose tissue . Fatty tissue is increased by adipocyte hypertrophy as a consequence of previous adipogenesis, and newly formed adipocyte-8, resulting in clinical obesity.
FNDC5 (Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5), which is the precursor of irisin, is a protein that is encoded by the FNDC5 gene, is present in many tissues, including the thyroid tissue and therefore effects thyroid hormone.
Dysregulation of both Thyroid and Irisin hormones result in metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic disorder that has been linked to the increasing prevalence of obesity. By regulating thyroid hormone levels, irisin has a powerful impact on metabolism and thermogenesis. The association of irisin with the thyroid hormone in hypothyroidism still remains unknown and is controversial, and requires further confirmatory studies on experimental models.
Regular exercise is known to have significant beneficial effects on the metabolic health and this is mediated by skeletal muscle. Contracting skeletal muscle is the source of Irisin. Studies have shown an increase in post exercise Irisin levels
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group I (Control or Euthyroid) total number of rats=20 | Experimental | Fed on normal standard diet |
|
| Group II (Hypothyroid) total number of rats=20 | Experimental | Experimental hypothyroidism will be induced by administration of propylthiouracil for three weeks in the form of tablets diluted in water |
|
| Group III (Hypothyroid received exercise) total number of rats=20 | Experimental | Rats will be subjected to chronic swimming. The swimming protocol will consist of 8 weeks of low-intensity swimming exercise. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control or Euthyroid group | Other | Fed on normal standard diet |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Serum Triiodothyronine T3 | Estimation of serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels (ng/ml) by radioimmunoassay | 11th week |
| Serum Thyroxine | Estimation of serum free thyroxin (FT4) levels (μg/dl) by radioimmunoassay | 11th week |
| Serum Irisin | Estimation of serum irisin levels (μg/ml) by using enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using irisin competitive ELISA Kit | 11th week |
| Serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone | By radioimmunoassay | 11th week |
| Serum Triglycerides (TG) | By enzymatic method using micro lab analyzer | 11th week |
| Serum High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) | Determined by precipitating method using micro lab analyzer | 11th week |
| Serum Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) | LDL= Total cholesterol-HDL-TG/5 | 11th week |
Not provided
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Male Sprague Dawley Rats
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Shazia Ali, PhD | Riphah International University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Health | Islamabad | Federal | 44000 | Pakistan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30402097 | Background | Martinez Munoz IY, Camarillo Romero EDS, Garduno Garcia JJ. Irisin a Novel Metabolic Biomarker: Present Knowledge and Future Directions. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Oct 9;2018:7816806. doi: 10.1155/2018/7816806. eCollection 2018. | |
| 31443222 | Background | Korta P, Pochec E, Mazur-Bialy A. Irisin as a Multifunctional Protein: Implications for Health and Certain Diseases. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019 Aug 15;55(8):485. doi: 10.3390/medicina55080485. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007037 | Hypothyroidism |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013959 | Thyroid Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Hypothyroid group | Other | Experimental hypothyroidism will be induced by administration of propylthiouracil for three weeks in the form of tablets diluted in water |
|
| Hypothyroid group received exercise | Other | Rats will be subjected to chronic swimming. The swimming protocol will consist of 8 weeks of low-intensity swimming exercise. The exercise groups will be adapted to a round water tank (70 cm × 70 cm) containing water at 28 ± 2°C for 3 days (10-45 min/day). The rats will then begin swimming, 45 min/day for the first two weeks at 10am and 60 min/day for the last six weeks at 10am |
|
| 30151293 | Background | Gizaw M, Anandakumar P, Debela T. A Review on the Role of Irisin in Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Pharmacopuncture. 2017 Dec;20(4):235-242. doi: 10.3831/KPI.2017.20.029. Epub 2017 Oct 10. |
|
| 29777516 | Background | Uc ZA, Gorar S, Mizrak S, Gullu S. Irisin levels increase after treatment in patients with newly diagnosed Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019 Feb;42(2):175-181. doi: 10.1007/s40618-018-0899-8. Epub 2018 May 18. |
| 31065382 | Background | Maalouf GE, El Khoury D. Exercise-Induced Irisin, the Fat Browning Myokine, as a Potential Anticancer Agent. J Obes. 2019 Apr 1;2019:6561726. doi: 10.1155/2019/6561726. eCollection 2019. |
| 30675157 | Background | Deshmukh V, Farishta F, Bhole M. Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional, Epidemiological, Pan-India Study. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Dec 25;2018:2930251. doi: 10.1155/2018/2930251. eCollection 2018. |
| Background | Abdel Moety DA. Evaluation of Serum Irisin and Creatine Kinase Levels in Hypo- and Hyperthyroid Rats. Al-Azhar Med J. 2017;46(1):163-74. |
| 26201007 | Background | Ates I, Altay M, Topcuoglu C, Yilmaz FM. Circulating levels of irisin is elevated in hypothyroidism, a case-control study. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Apr;60(2):95-100. doi: 10.1590/2359-3997000000077. Epub 2015 Jul 21. |
| 30722716 | Background | Yang N, Zhang H, Gao X, Miao L, Yao Z, Xu Y, Wang G. Role of irisin in Chinese patients with hypothyroidism: an interventional study. J Int Med Res. 2019 Apr;47(4):1592-1601. doi: 10.1177/0300060518824445. Epub 2019 Feb 6. |
| 28639538 | Background | Rochlani Y, Pothineni NV, Kovelamudi S, Mehta JL. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2017 Aug;11(8):215-225. doi: 10.1177/1753944717711379. Epub 2017 Jun 22. |
| 32489580 | Background | Teixeira PFDS, Dos Santos PB, Pazos-Moura CC. The role of thyroid hormone in metabolism and metabolic syndrome. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 13;11:2042018820917869. doi: 10.1177/2042018820917869. eCollection 2020. |
| 24297848 | Background | Kurdiova T, Balaz M, Vician M, Maderova D, Vlcek M, Valkovic L, Srbecky M, Imrich R, Kyselovicova O, Belan V, Jelok I, Wolfrum C, Klimes I, Krssak M, Zemkova E, Gasperikova D, Ukropec J, Ukropcova B. Effects of obesity, diabetes and exercise on Fndc5 gene expression and irisin release in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Physiol. 2014 Mar 1;592(5):1091-107. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.264655. Epub 2013 Dec 2. |