Antibiotics resistance has become a global health challenge especially in third world countries. The main causes of antibiotics resistance are the improper use or overuse of antibiotics, the lack of skilled public health workers and poor hygiene standards. Resistance to antibiotics reduces the effectiveness of these treatments and has a negative impact on hospital systems especially in intensive care settings.

Medical intensive care unit (MICU) is commonly known as a "hotbed of infections" in high-risk healthcare environments ICU patients are especially prone to infections because of the various invasive procedures they undergo,including vascular access, mechanical ventilation, and intubation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All patients will be admitted at respiratory ICU with respiratory infection who have been treated with antibiotics and patients in whom adequate respiratory specimen is obtained will be included in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who are HIV positive, who can't provide adequate respiratory specimen, patients who are not on antibiotics and patients who die within 48 hours after admission

All patients will be admitted at respiratory ICU with respiratory infection who have been treated with antibiotics and patients in whom adequate respiratory specimen