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This observational, cross-sectional study aims to characterize patients with axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) from a biopsychosocial perspective. The study examines the relationships between psychosocial factors (such as pain catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, and fear-avoidance beliefs) and clinical indicators of disease progression, including functional limitations and disease activity. The primary objective is to identify psychosocial predictors of functionality and disease activity in AxSpA patients, which may guide more personalized therapeutic interventions. Findings could provide insights into the combined effects of physical and psychological aspects on disease management, promoting a holistic approach to AxSpA care.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Axial Spondyloarthritis Patients | A cohort of adult patients diagnosed with axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria. These patients will be evaluated to analyze the impact of psychosocial factors on disease progression, functionality, and quality of life. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) | This primary outcome measure will assess disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). The BASDAI is a validated, self-reported measure that evaluates symptoms such as fatigue, spinal pain, joint pain, and morning stiffness on a scale from 0 to 10, where higher scores indicate higher disease activity. | Baseline (single assessment at the start of the study) |
| Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) | A self-reported index measuring functional limitations in ankylosing spondylitis patients. It evaluates the ability to perform daily activities, with scores ranging from 0 to 10, where higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. | Baseline (single assessment at the start of the study) |
| Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) | An index measuring spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis, using measurements of lateral lumbar flexion, tragus-to-wall distance, cervical rotation, lumbar flexion (modified Schober test), and intermalleolar distance. Each component is scored on a continuous scale from 0 to 10. | Baseline |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) | A numeric rating scale for pain, where patients rate their pain intensity on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 meaning "no pain" and 10 "the worst pain imaginable." | Baseline |
| Range of Motion (ROM) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) | A self-reported scale that measures catastrophic thinking related to pain, including thoughts and feelings associated with pain experiences. It consists of 13 items rated on a Likert scale from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater catastrophizing. | Baseline |
| Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Adults diagnosed with axial spondyloarthritis who meet the inclusion criteria and are recruited from healthcare facilities specializing in the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Luis Espejo-Antúnez, Ph.D. | University of Extremadura | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Universidad de Extremadura | Badajoz | Badajoz | 06006 | Spain |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D025242 | Spondylarthropathies |
| D013167 | Spondylitis, Ankylosing |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D025241 | Spondylarthritis |
| D013166 | Spondylitis |
| D013122 | Spinal Diseases |
| D001847 | Bone Diseases |
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Cervical range of motion will be measured using a goniometer for flexion/extension, lateral flexion, and rotation movements. Lumbar flexion will be assessed using the modified Schober test.
| Baseline |
| Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) | Pressure pain threshold will be assessed at specific points, such as the upper trapezius, lumbar erector spinae at L3-L4, and epicondyle muscles, using a mechanical pressure algometer. | Baseline |
| Cervical Joint Position Sense Error (JPSE) | Assesses cervical proprioceptive acuity by measuring the error in repositioning the head to a neutral posture. | Baseline |
| Lumbar Repositioning Error (LRE) | Assesses lumbar proprioception by measuring the error in repositioning after flexing the lumbar spine to a specific angle. | Baseline |
A scale that measures fear of movement and re-injury, consisting of 11 items rated on a scale from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater fear of movement. |
| Baseline |
| Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) | A questionnaire that assesses fear-avoidance beliefs related to physical activity and work in individuals with musculoskeletal pain. It includes two subscales: one for physical activity (FABQ-PA) and another for work-related fear-avoidance (FABQ-W), with items rated on a scale from 0 to 6. | Baseline |
| D009140 |
| Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D001168 | Arthritis |
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D000089183 | Axial Spondyloarthritis |
| D000844 | Ankylosis |