App-based Diabetes Management and Community-based Interventions

EMPOWERing Patients With Chronic Diseases Through Smartphone App, Health Coaching and Community-based Intervention

Community-based health coaching interventions play a vital role in complementing the traditional chronic disease management model for type 2 diabetes patients. Compared to conventional approaches that often focus on periodic clinical visits, community-based coaching could provide continuous, personalised support within patients in everyday environments. Health coaches work directly with patients to set realistic goals, develop individualised action plans, and provide ongoing motivation and accountability. This personalised attention helps to improve self-management skills, such as medication adherence, dietary choices, and physical activity, which are crucial for chronic disease management and preventing complications. Our mobile health app, EMPOWER+ has multiple logging features, gamified elements to help users set goals and provide rewards, educational resources, and personalised nudges generated based on real users; inputs and predictive modeling. It has demonstrated some preliminary effectiveness and acceptability within the clinical settings. This trial aims to assess its effectiveness, adoption, and sustainability in the less-controlled community settings, preparing for its large implementation in the future.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 21 years and above
• Having been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Having most recent HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
• Physically able to exercise
• Able to read, write, and converse in English
• Able to comply with study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

• Requiring assistance with basic activities of daily living (BADL)
• Have planned major operation or surgical procedure within 6 months from the time of recruitment
• Current pregnant or lactating