Carbohydrate Loading in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The Effects of Preoperative Carbohydrate Loading on Perioperative Blood Glucose Levels and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn the effects of preoperative carbohydrate loading on perioperative blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus undergo elective surgery. The main questions it aims to answer are:

• Does carbohydrate loading affects perioperative blood glucose and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients undergo surgery?
• How are the incident of perioperative hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia between subjects who receive placebo compared with subjects who receive carbohydrate loading
• How are the hyperglycemia-related complications comparison between two groups?

Researchers will compare the carbohydrate loading intervention to placebo (regular drinking water with zero-calorie sweetener) to see the effects of carbohydrate loading to blood glucose levels and insulin resistance (by HOMA-IR value)

Participants will:

• randomized to carbohydrate loading (CHO) group or placebo
• checked for preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative blood glucose, and preoperative and postoperative insulin level
• evaluated for any hyperglycaemia-related complications

Inclusion Criteria:

• Controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus with any treatment
• BMI <30 kg/m2
• Non-major elective surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subject refusal
• Geriatric patients with frailty score >4
• Subjects with critical illness
• Subjects received steroid treatment
• Subjects received total parenteral nutrition
• Subjects with intestinal obstruction
• Subjects with impaired liver function