The goal of this clinical trial is to learn the effects of preoperative carbohydrate loading on perioperative blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus undergo elective surgery. The main questions it aims to answer are:

• Does carbohydrate loading affects perioperative blood glucose and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients undergo surgery?
• How are the incident of perioperative hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia between subjects who receive placebo compared with subjects who receive carbohydrate loading
• How are the hyperglycemia-related complications comparison between two groups?

Researchers will compare the carbohydrate loading intervention to placebo (regular drinking water with zero-calorie sweetener) to see the effects of carbohydrate loading to blood glucose levels and insulin resistance (by HOMA-IR value)

Participants will:

• randomized to carbohydrate loading (CHO) group or placebo
• checked for preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative blood glucose, and preoperative and postoperative insulin level
• evaluated for any hyperglycaemia-related complications

Inclusion Criteria:

• Controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus with any treatment
• BMI <30 kg/m2
• Non-major elective surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subject refusal
• Geriatric patients with frailty score >4
• Subjects with critical illness
• Subjects received steroid treatment
• Subjects received total parenteral nutrition
• Subjects with intestinal obstruction
• Subjects with impaired liver function

Individual participant data that underlie the results reported in this article, after deidentification

Beginning 3 months and ending 5 years following article publication

Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal. Proposals should be directed to erika.sasha@ui.ac.id. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement. Data are available for 5 years after publication at a third party website (link in process will be updated to be included)