Effect of Transversus Abdominis Plan Block and Recto-Intercostal Fascial Plan Block in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Effect of Transversus Abdominis Plan Block and Recto-Intercostal Fascial Plan Block in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Cholecystectomy is a common surgical procedure performed globally for acute cholecystitis. Management of acute cholecystitis is divided into medical and surgical approaches. Medical management involves bed rest, analgesic agents, antibiotic therapy, and IV fluid replacement. Surgical management includes cholecystectomy, the removal of the gallbladder, which can be done via open surgery or laparoscopically. The laparoscopic approach has advantages over open surgery, such as reduced pain at incision sites, shorter hospital stays, improved quality of life, and faster recovery. However, despite its minimally invasive nature, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) can still cause moderate to severe pain. Severe pain may delay ambulation, reduce patient satisfaction, lead to chronic pain, and increase the risk of pulmonary and cardiac complications.
Postoperative pain in LC is multifactorial, primarily involving a combination of visceral, referred shoulder, and incisional pain. A multimodal analgesic approach is recommended for pain management. To alleviate LC-related postoperative pain, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol, opioids, local anesthetics, and various regional anesthesia techniques are commonly employed. However, opioids may cause adverse effects, including nausea, vomiting, constipation, and respiratory depression. Neuraxial analgesia is seldom used in LC due to potential complications and technical difficulties. Regional anesthesia and multimodal analgesia have been shown to reduce the neuroendocrine stress response to pain and trauma effectively.
Recently, the use of interfascial plane blocks under ultrasound guidance (USG), considered easy and safe, has increased in LC surgery. The TAP block, first described by Rafi in 2001 and later refined by McDonnell et al. in 2004 as a field block for abdominal surgeries, provides analgesia by blocking the 7th-11th intercostal nerves (T7-T11), the subcostal nerve (T12), and the ilioinguinal (IIN) and iliohypogastric nerves (IHN) (L1-L2). Hebbard et al. later described an ultrasound-guided approach to the TAP block. The recto-intercostal fascial plane block (RIFPB) was introduced in 2023 by Tulgar et al. as an alternative to parasternal intercostal blocks for parasternal surgeries and is reported to block almost the entire upper abdomen. In a case series by Ömür et al., RIFPB was shown to provide both lower sternal and epigastric blockade and sensory block across the upper anterolateral abdomen.
The gallbladder is a small organ located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. It stores bile, which helps in the digestion of food. Gallstones are solid bile particles that form due to changes in bile composition and concentration caused by factors such as hormones, medications, diet, and weight changes. Occasionally, a gallstone exits the gallbladder, blocking the normal flow of bile. Acute cholecystitis occurs when the cystic duct is obstructed by a gallstone, causing distension and inflammation of the gallbladder. Cholecystectomy is a commonly performed surgical procedure worldwide for treating acute cholecystitis. Management of acute cholecystitis is divided into medical and surgical approaches. Medical management includes bed rest, analgesic agents, antibiotic therapy, and intravenous fluid replacement. Surgical management involves a procedure called cholecystectomy, the surgical removal of the gallbladder, which can be performed through open or laparoscopic surgery. The laparoscopic technique is superior to open surgery in terms of reduced pain at incision sites, shorter hospital stay, improved quality of life, and faster recovery times. However, although laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is minimally invasive, it can still cause moderate to severe pain. Severe pain can delay postoperative ambulation, reduce patient satisfaction, lead to chronic pain, and increase the risk of pulmonary and cardiac complications.
Postoperative pain in LC has multiple causes. The majority of postoperative pain in LC originates from incision sites (50-70%), pneumoperitoneum (20-30%), and the cholecystectomy procedure itself (10-20%). A multimodal analgesic approach is recommended for pain control. Various analgesic techniques are used to manage postoperative pain caused by LC, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol, opioids, local anesthetics, and various regional anesthesia techniques. Opioids can lead to side effects such as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), constipation, and respiratory depression. Neuraxial analgesia is rarely used in LC due to potential complications and technical difficulties. The use of regional anesthesia in multimodal analgesia has been shown to significantly reduce the neuroendocrine stress response to pain and trauma.
In recent years, the use of ultrasound-guided (USG) interfascial plane blocks, considered easy and safe, has increased in LC surgeries. The anterolateral abdominal wall consists of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. The transversus abdominis plane, which contains the thoracolumbar nerves from T6-L1, lies between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. The anterior and lateral abdominal regions are innervated by the anterior branches of the thoracoabdominal nerves from T7-T12 and L1. Therefore, injecting a local anesthetic (LA) into the transversus abdominis plane provides sensory blockade from T7 to L1. TAP block can be part of the analgesic regimen in abdominal surgeries, such as appendectomy, hernia repair, laparotomy, laparoscopic surgeries, cesarean section, abdominal hysterectomy, pyloromyotomy, major abdominal wall surgeries, and colostomy. In another study, Grape et al. reported moderate to high-level evidence that TAP block provided superior analgesia compared to wound infiltration in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Tulgar et al. introduced the recto-intercostal fascial plane block (RIFPB) as a novel fascial block for sternotomy and sternal surgeries, reporting that it covers almost the entire upper abdominal region. By injecting LA into the interfascial plane just below the xiphoid process, between the rectus abdominis muscle and the 6th-7th costal cartilages, it blocks the anterior branches. Injection of methylene blue into this plane was observed to spread significantly to the anterior cutaneous branches of the T6-9 nerves and laterally, contributing to abdominal analgesia. Following Tulgar's study, our study aims to target dermatomal coverage between T6-T9 using RIFPB with 20 ml of LA.
Patients will complete the Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) questionnaire, a self-assessment survey that evaluates the quality of postoperative recovery in areas such as physical comfort, pain, independence, psychological support, and emotional state, both on the morning of surgery and 24 hours post-surgery. QoR-15 scores range from 0 to 150, with higher scores indicating better recovery quality. This study will compare the effectiveness of bilateral TAP and bilateral RIFPB in LC, examining postoperative NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) scores, opioid consumption, dermatomal spread, PONV score, and complications to determine which technique is more effective.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: