Participants in the remote exercise group will engage in exercise sessions conducted twice weekly for eight weeks using video conferencing software. The intervention includes balance, strength, and gait training, supervised by a licensed physical therapist. Sessions are performed at participants' homes with assistance from caregivers to ensure safety and compliance.

Participants in the in-person exercise group will attend supervised exercise sessions at a senior welfare center twice weekly for eight weeks. The sessions, conducted by a licensed physical therapist, focus on improving balance, lower limb strength, and gait stability. The intervention is identical to the remote exercise group, except the mode of delivery is in person at the welfare center.

Participants in the control group will receive an informational booklet on exercise and attend a single educational session about physical activity. They will be encouraged to maintain their usual activities, and their physical activity levels will be self-reported and periodically monitored by the research team.

Participants in this group will engage in an eight-week exercise program conducted via video conferencing software. The sessions, which focus on balance, lower limb strength, and gait function, will be held twice weekly for 50 minutes each. Licensed physical therapists will supervise the sessions, and participants will exercise at home, with assistance from caregivers if necessary. The program aims to evaluate the effectiveness of remote exercise interventions in improving physical function and reducing the risk of falls in pre-frail older adults.

Balance performance will be assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). The TUG measures the time taken for a participant to stand up from a chair, walk three meters, turn around, walk back, and sit down. The BBS is a comprehensive assessment of balance ability during various tasks.

Lower limb strength will be evaluated using the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSTS) and the 30-Second Chair Stand Test (30SCS). The FTSTS measures the time it takes for participants to rise from a chair five times, and the 30SCS measures the number of times participants can rise from a chair in 30 seconds.

Gait ability will be assessed using the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) and the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT). The DGI assesses participants' ability to modify balance while walking in response to external demands, and the 10MWT measures the time taken to walk 10 meters at a comfortable speed.

Fall efficacy will be measured using the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES). This scale evaluates participants' confidence in performing daily activities without falling, providing an indication of fall-related self-efficacy.