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The aim of this study is to determine the comparative effects of intraneural facilitation therapy and nerve flossing technique on pain, balance, gait, and quality of life in Diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Intraneural Facilitation Therapy is a novel manual therapy technique that seeks to enhance endoneurial capillary circulation, bias blood flow into the neural fascicle, and reverse intrafascicular ischemia. To redirect blood to the ischemic nerves, this passive approach involves tractioning skin, distending visceral tissues, stretching muscles, mobilizing joints, and stretching blood vessels. The Nerve Flossing Technique is an emerging treatment approach that aims to improve neurodynamic, range of motion, and quality of life. Intraneural Facilitation and Nerve Flossing Techniques address diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and their effectiveness in improving pain, balance, gait, and quality of life remains un-compared.
This randomized clinical trial will be conducted at Social Security Hospital, and Siddique Family Hospital, Gujranwala. 44 Participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be selected through a non-probability convenience sampling technique and randomly allocated into two groups using an online randomizer tool. Participants will be included in Groups A (Intraneural Facilitation Therapy) and Group B (Nerve Flossing Technique). A total of 24 sessions (3x/week for 8 weeks) will be conducted, lasting 60 minutes each.. A Numeric Pain Rating scale will be used to assess pain, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) to assess balance, a 4-item Dynamic Gait Index to assess Gait, and the Quality of Life-Diabetic Neuropathy (QOL-DN) for quality of life. Assessment will be carried out at baseline (before treatment), after the 8th week (post-intervention), and at a 2-month follow-up. The data will be entered and analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0 version. Statistical significance will be set at p ≤0.05.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| GROUP A Intraneural Facilitation Therapy along with Home care plan | Experimental | Group A will receive 24 sessions of Intraneural Facilitation therapy, delivered three times weekly for eight weeks, each session lasting 60 minutes. Effects will be measured at baseline, post-intervention (after 8 weeks), and at a 2-months follow-up. |
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| Group B Nerve Flossing Technique along with Home care plan | Experimental | Group B will receive the nerve flossing technique for about 3 sets of 10 repetitions with an interval of 1 minutes between sets. A total of 24 sessions (3x/week for 8 weeks) will be conducted, lasting 50-60 minutes each. The effects will be measured at baseline (pre-treatment), after week 8 (post-intervention), and at 2-month follow-up. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intraneural Facilitation Therapy | Other |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Numeric Pain Rating Scale | Numeric Pain Rating Scale is a subjective measure 11 point (0-10) numerical scale which is a commonly used outcome measure to assess pain intensity, including in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Its score ranges from 0 indicating no pain at all to 10 indicating worst pain. In NPRS, 0 for No pain, 1-3 range for Mild pain, 4-6 range for Moderate pain, and 7-10 indicates Severe pain. | 8 week |
| Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument | Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) is a simple, non-invasive, and valid tool for screening DPN in diabetic patients. The initial section of the assessment tool comprises a self-administered questionnaire (15 yes-or-no questions) focusing on foot sensation, including aspects like discomfort, numbness, and temperature sensitivity. The subsequent segment involves a brief physical examination such as visual inspection of the feet, testing ankle reflexes using a tendon hammer, assessing vibration perception utilizing a 128 Hz tuning fork, and evaluating tactile sensation through the application of a 10 gm Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament (SWM). A score greater than 3 on the MNSI-Q and greater than 2 on the MNSI-PE suggests diabetic peripheral neuropathy. | 8 week |
| Quality of Life- Diabetic Neuropathy Questionnaire | The Norfolk QOL-DN is an extensive and validated 47-item questionnaire that has been developed to encompass the complete range of Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) symptoms associated with small fiber, large fiber, and autonomic neuropathy. It is composed of two sections: one focusing on the symptoms experienced by diabetic patients and the other on how the patient's neuropathy affects their activities of daily living (ADLs). The questionnaire items are divided into six different domains, namely overall quality of life, symptoms, ADLs, physical functioning/large fiber, small fiber, and autonomic neuropathy. The symptom domain (items 1-7) will allocated a score of 1 or 0, denoting the presence or absence of the specified symptoms. Apart from items 31 and 32, the remaining items were evaluated using a 5-point scale (0-4, ranging from "No Problem" to "Severe Problem").A score range of 2-9 classified the neuropathy as mild, 10-19 as moderate, and greater than or equal to 20 as severe. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hira Jabeen, MS-NMPT | Contact | 03234116506 | hira.jabeen@riphah.edu.pk |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hira Jabeen, MS-NMPT | Riphah International University | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Siddique Family Hospital | Gujranwala | Punjab Province | 05228 | Pakistan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16386065 | Background | Topp KS, Boyd BS. Structure and biomechanics of peripheral nerves: nerve responses to physical stresses and implications for physical therapist practice. Phys Ther. 2006 Jan;86(1):92-109. doi: 10.1093/ptj/86.1.92. | |
| Background | Intraneural Facilitation MR Bussell - US Patent App. 13/371,103, 2012 | ||
| Background | Alnajafi KZ-S. The Impact of Intraneural Facilitation Therapy on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 2021. | ||
| Background | BASUDEO RAJBHOR AG, SAURABH KUMAR. Comparison of Kinesio Taping and Nerve Flossing Technique on Balance, Gait and Ankle Flexibility in Diabetic Neuropathy. 2022. |
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The study would be single blinded as assessor of the study would be kept blind of the treatment groups to which patient will be allocated.
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| Nerve Flossing Technique | Other | Tibial Nerve:
Common Peroneal Nerve:
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| 8 week |
| BERG BALANCE SCALE | The BBS is a postural balance scale containing 14 items including standing and sitting unsupported, reaching forward, and placing the alternating foot on a stool. Administering the BBS takes approximately 15 min. Each of the 14 items is scored on a 5-level ordinal scale from 0 ("unable to perform or requiring help") to 4 ("normal performance"), thus providing a potential maximum score of 56 points. | 8 week |
| 4-Item Dynamic Gait Index | It is a shortened version of the Dynamic gait index. It consists of 4 items of Dynamic gait index such as horizontal head turns, vertical head turns, gait on level surfaces, and changes in gait speed. Each of the four items is scored on an ordinal scale from 0-3 with higher numbers indicating better performance of the specified task. Additionally, each item has specific criteria that must be met to be granted a specific score number. The test has a total score of 12. | 8 week |
| Social Security Hospital | Gujranwala | Punjab Province | 05228 | Pakistan |
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| Background | Dan Ran Castillo WJJ, Carvy Floyd Lucero, Mark Bussell, Ron Coleman, Karla Pieters, Jamie Hankins, Annette Boggs, Salem Dehom, Lorena Garcia, Ellen D'Errico, and Gayathri Nagaraj. A pilot study of intraneural facilitation versus standard physical therapy for prevention ofchemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Clinical Oncology. May31,2023. |
| Background | G.Tharani DJP, Dr. Jagatheesan Alagesan,Dr. Harikrishnan. N Exploring the Effectiveness of Peroneal Nerve Flossing in Alleviating Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Symptoms. Journal for Re Attach Therapy and Developmental Diversities. August6,2023 |
| 26808781 | Background | Alshahrani A, Bussell M, Johnson E, Tsao B, Bahjri K. Effects of a Novel Therapeutic Intervention in Patients With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016 May;97(5):733-8. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.12.026. Epub 2016 Jan 22. |
| 36404825 | Background | Goyat M, Saxena A, Goyal M. Study Protocol titled as "Effectiveness of neural mobilization in improving the ankle ROM and plantar pressure distribution in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A single group, pre post, quasi experimental study protocol". J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2022 Aug 15;21(2):2035-2041. doi: 10.1007/s40200-022-01106-z. eCollection 2022 Dec. |
| 35922961 | Background | Sahba K, Berk L, Bussell M, Lohman E, Zamora F, Gharibvand L. Treating peripheral neuropathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus with intraneural facilitation: a single blind randomized control trial. J Int Med Res. 2022 Aug;50(8):3000605221109390. doi: 10.1177/03000605221109390. |
| 35756982 | Background | Baker NA, Vuong D, Bussell M, Gharibvand L, Lee S, Tsao B. Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Sham-Controlled Pilot Study of Intraneural Facilitation as a Treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl. 2022 Mar 29;4(2):100193. doi: 10.1016/j.arrct.2022.100193. eCollection 2022 Jun. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| D003929 | Diabetic Neuropathies |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D010523 | Peripheral Nervous System Diseases |
| D009468 | Neuromuscular Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D048909 | Diabetes Complications |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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