Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJD)
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJD)
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJD) represents a common health problem. Its prevalence is nearly 31% in adults and 11% in adolescence, more common in females. Aetiologies of TMJD are multifactorial and can be attributed to both physical and psycho-social factors. Internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the most frequent disorder; with anterior disc displacement is the most common form. Wilkes has classified internal derangement into five stages; patients with stage III usually present with limited mouth opening, joint pain and deviation of jaw upon opening to the affected side. MRI is considered the gold standard for diagnosis. Treatment of TMJD include non-surgical and surgical methods. Non-surgical treatment includes instructions, pharmacotherapy, physiotherapy and occlusal splints; while surgical interventions include minimally invasive procedures (arthroscopy and arthrocentesis) and open joint surgery
Arthroscopy of TMJ was first introduced by Ohnishi in 1975. There are three different levels of TMJ arthroscopy. Level I, single puncture arthroscopy, it allows lysis of adhesions in the upper joint compartment and lavage of the joint space and the inflammatory products. Level II is done by double puncture and it enables to perform maneuvers such as lateral pterygoid myotomy and ablation of the retrodiscal tissue. Operative devices including arthroscopic instruments, Nd-YAG and Holmium laser, and the high-frequency wave system (Coblation) is very useful for tissue coagulation and cutting. Both levels enabled getting joint mobilization and significant pain reduction. Level III (arthroscopic discopexy), it needs customized special instruments.
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