Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether tenderness and other commonly used chiropractic measures, when operationalized, improve after lumbar chiropractic manipulative therapy (CMT) in patients with lower back and/or leg pain. A secondary aim was to determine whether changes in tenderness as measured using algometry, correlate with other commonly used measures before and after care.

Across manual therapy professionals there is at present little agreement regarding how to quantitatively measure painful spinal lesions associated with uncomplicated back and/or leg pain.{Waddell, 1996 #564;Hegmann KT, 2019 #16740;Himelfarb I, 2020 #16733} In the United States, the Medicare program requires "pain and tenderness" reportage as a metric to diagnose spinal lesions (segmental dysfunction, or SDF) associated with uncomplicated back pain, prior to reimbursement of treatment by chiropractors.{Services, 2019 #16731} Medicare guidelines for chiropractors specifically list use of algometry as an acceptable way to record paraspinal tenderness.{CMS, 2019 #16198} However, research regarding paraspinal algometry to measure tenderness has to date yielded conflicting results.{Jung, 2023 #16196} Medicare suggests use of pain scales such as the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for reporting pain levels before, during, and after chiropractic care to determine when patients have achieved maximum improvement, are pain free, and therefore no longer eligible for reimbursement of spinal manipulation (SM), the primary component of chiropractic manipulative therapy (CMT).{CMS, 2019 #16198} While there is some prior research that correlates pain with paraspinal tenderness measured using algometry, there is no body of literature correlating these findings with other commonly used clinical variables required by Medicare for documentation, either before or after CMT.{Leach, 1993 #15773;Jung, 2023 #16196;Nim, 2022 #16201} For example, both Medicare and chiropractic practice guidelines advocate for clinicians to distinguish uncomplicated back pain associated with facet joint lesions (also considered SDF), from back and leg pain that may be caused by disc lesions. One of the clinical tests for this is a pain provocation measure known as the Kemp Test (or Kemp; the patient extends their trunk backwards and to the right or left, to see if back and/or leg pain are reported. Complaint of back pain only suggests "facet syndrome" while complaint of leg pain suggests "disc syndrome.").{CMS, 2019 #16198;Hawk, 2020 #16139;Editors, 2024 #16738} As presently used there is only weak clinical evidence for use of pain provocation tests such as Kemp Test, and we found no prior research comparing Kemp Test results with other outcome variables after CMT.{Editors, 2024 #16738} Among clinical variables validated by research, reported extensively in manual therapy literature, and advocated in the Medicare guidelines for documentation by chiropractors, aside from NRS pain scores, only use of self-reported measures such as the Oswestry Lower Back Pain Disability Questionnaire are fully validated and operationalized.{Fairbank, 2000 #16739;Hawk, 2020 #16139} Yet even this dependent variable has only rarely been correlated with paraspinal tenderness.{Leach, 1993 #15773} Only NRS pain and Oswestry measures have been used extensively in reportage of outcomes after CMT.{Clohesy NC, 2018 #16743;Hawk, 2020 #16139;Himelfarb I, 2020 #16733} Neither algometry nor the Kemp Test have been previously compared with Oswestry and NRS scores both before and after CMT, to determine whether these reported measures of SDF improve after chiropractic, or even whether they correlate with one another. This lack of research regarding promising and/or commonly used chiropractic dependent variables may factor into our inability to clinically define the Medicare diagnosis SDF, and may instead serve to perpetuate the "enigma of back pain."{Waddell, 1996 #564}

Differences between instruments and protocols used in clinical trials, performed only on pain free subjects, using only one or a few sessions of SM, and with small sample sizes may have contributed to prior conflicting reports regarding the ability of algometry to distinguish pain free from painful lower back muscles; also, studies conducted in university or controlled environments may lack generalizability to clinical practice.{Jung, 2023 #16196} When an examiner measures paraspinal tenderness by using an algometer asking the patient to say "yes" when discomfort is first noted, the corresponding value read from the instrument is termed the pressure pain threshold (PPT). Emerging evidence that the number and frequency of CMT sessions may impact both short and long term outcomes gives rise to the question as to whether paraspinal tenderness is affected by the number and frequency of treatments as well.{Haas, 2004 #4710;Haas, 2014 #15996} For example, would SM twice a week for 4 weeks increase paraspinal PPTs and reduce PPT asymmetry (the difference between paraspinal tenderness on the right versus the left) more significantly than SM provided only once a week for 2 weeks? Extending the prior PPT work by reporting tenderness quantified by algometry along with other commonly reported and operationalized clinical measures, determining whether the variables improved as expected after care, and correlating the measures before and after chiropractic may help inform future prospective research of their validity with regard to measurement of SDF within the Medicare program.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Inclusion criteria included patients diagnosed with uncomplicated low back and/or unilateral leg pain regardless of severity or length of pain prior to presentation.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Exclusion criteria included: Patient with missing data on preliminary or follow up exam, initial OSWESTRY score <20%, initial NRS LS/leg pain score < 2/10, patient referred for exclusive care elsewhere, patient age <18 and >75, pregnancy, significant neurologic loss (more than numbness), MVA/litigation, patient with bilateral leg pain or diagnosis of central HNP, and patient seeing a staff doctor other than the principal investigator for this study.

The setting was a rural practice with patients diagnosed with lower back and/or leg pain, typically seen by a solo chiropractic practitioner in Mississippi. Treatment included both manual diversified side posture chiropractic manual thrust procedures and pretreatment typically used in Mississippi including ice if back and leg pain, or ice plus SpinalatorTM if not obese and without leg pain (due to practitioner experience that SpinalatorTM may aggravate patients with leg pain and obese). Ancillary advice and counseling may not have been typical of other practices since the chiropractor also holds certification as a Master Certified Health Education Specialist; training included practicing a set of core exercise strength and stretch exercises and instruction to stay active, as well as advice regarding in home/at work use of 5 minutes of ice 5x per day followed by walking and stretching to tolerance.

De-identified individual participant data including primary and secondary outcomes collected on a spreadsheet will be shared upon request.

De-identified individual participant data collected will be shared at 1 year after article publication for a period of 5 subsequent years.

IPD demographic and outcomes data will be made available upon request.