The goal of this study is to understand the cognitive processes underlying quantitative and relational reasoning, including the understanding of mathematical information (e.g., numbers, proportions, percentages, geometry) and related relational concepts (e.g., analogies, the concepts same/different), as well as how people's reasoning can be changed by external factors. The main question it aims to answer is:

How does the introduction of a secondary task affect the behavior of children and adults when reasoning about proportions in different formats? Participants will be asked to make judgements about images with and without the presence of a distractor task.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Typically developing people within the target age range (either 8-years-old OR 18- to 64-years-old) for the study version

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals with known developmental or cognitive disorders
• Participants or parents of participants must speak/read sufficient English to read and complete the informed consent document

All de-identified participant responses to all measures, as well as de-identified demographics (e.g., age, gender) will be made publicly available on a data repository.

Beginning when the results are published (if not earlier) with no planned end date

De-identified data will be publicly available under a creative commons license only requesting attribution.