Differentiating CD from intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) is difficult due to the low sensitivities of currently available diagnostic tests. The Asia-Pacific guideline recommends anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT) for 8-12 weeks in patients with diagnostic uncertainty due to the risk of disseminated tuberculosis if patients with ITB are misdiagnosed with CD, and are prescribed immunosuppressive therapy. However, treatment with ATT has many side effects and may delay treatment in patients with CD, and this may cause severe relapse and developing complications. Many studies found that some clinical, endoscopy, pathology, radiology, and serology findings can help to improve diagnostic accuracy in these patients. However, no single diagnostic parameter can distinguish between CD and ITB. As a result, many models were developed that include various factors and modalities, and many of those models have been reported to have high performance. However, the number of studies performed to validate those models externally was limited. Correspondingly, this study is designed to prospectively validate models that integrate more advanced parameters (e.g., IGRA, CT enterography findings) with clinical, endoscopic, or pathological findings. However, it aims mainly to evaluate the model integrating clinical, endoscopic, and serological variables since CT enterography and pathological interpretation require experienced radiologists and pathologists but they are not available in many centers.

Crohn's disease (CD) incidence has been increasing in Asia over the last few decades [1]. Moreover, differentiating CD from intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) is difficult due to the low sensitivities of currently available diagnostic tests. The 5.3- 37.5% sensitivity of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) specimen staining, the 23%-46% sensitivity of mycobacterial culture, and the 36.4-67.9% sensitivity of tissue polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are all too low to confidently distinguish between these two conditions and exclude a diagnosis of ITB. The Asia-Pacific guideline recommends anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT) for 8-12 weeks in patients with diagnostic uncertainty due to the risk of disseminated tuberculosis if patients with ITB are misdiagnosed with CD, and are prescribed immunosuppressive therapy. However, treatment with ATT has many side effects and may delay treatment in patients with CD, and this may cause severe relapse and developing complications. In response, many studies were conducted to identify and classify characteristics that can help to distinguish between these two diseases. Those studies found that some clinical, endoscopy, pathology, radiology, and serology findings can help to improve diagnostic accuracy in these patients. However, no single diagnostic parameter can distinguish between CD and ITB. As a result, many models were developed that include various factors and modalities, and many of those models have been reported to have high performance. However, the number of studies performed to externally validate those models was limited.

To address this inadequacy, J Limsrivilai, et al. conducted a multicenter retrospective study comparing the ability of each different diagnostic model consisting of different combinations of basic clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic parameters affordable to resource-limited healthcare settings at differentiating CD and ITB patients. In the study, several differentiating models were included and applied to a cohort of 590 patients from Thailand and Hong Kong to validate the models. The results from the study concluded that the accuracy of a differentiating model is directly correlated with the number of diagnostic modalities and variables of the model with the ITBvsCD-CEP model, which includes 22 variables from clinical, endoscopy, and pathology parameters, demonstrating the highest AUROC as high as 0.887. Although the model demonstrated such impressive diagnostic ability, its application in real-life clinical practice has remained controversial as around 10% of ITB patients would still be misdiagnosed and thus receive the wrong treatments. Integrating more diagnostic modalities, such as interferon gamma-releasing assay (IGRA) and CT enterography, may be helpful.

Correspondingly, this study is designed to prospectively validate models that integrate more advanced parameters (e.g., IGRA, CT enterography findings) with clinical, endoscopic, or pathological findings. However, it aims mainly to evaluate the model integrating clinical, endoscopic, and serological variables since CT enterography and pathological interpretation require experienced radiologists and pathologists but they are not available in many centers.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients ages 18 years or older
2. Undergoing colonoscopy and found ileal or colonic ulcers
3. Have ileal and/or colonic tissue sent for mycobacterial tests, including stain for AFB, PCR, and culture
4. Diagnosed with either intestinal tuberculosis or Crohn's disease a. Criteria of intestinal tuberculosis diagnosis includes any of following: i. Presence of caseating granuloma on pathological examination of specimens ii. Presence of acid-fast bacilli on pathological examination of specimens iii. PCR positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis iv. Tissue culture growing organisms consistent with Mycobacterium tuberculosis v. Negative results in i to iv but response to empirical treatment with antituberculous therapy All are required to have clinical and endoscopic response to antituberculous therapy (ATT) treatment b. Diagnosis of Crohn's disease is based on clinical, endoscopic, pathological, and/or radiological findings which is confirmed by clinical & endoscopic response to Crohn's disease treatment

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with ileal/colonic ulcers caused by other diseases

All patients who had clinical symptoms suspicious of either Crohn's disease or intestinal tuberculosis are eligible.