The Effect of Electroacupuncture Treatment on Cognitive Function in Adults With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Acupuncture and Acupressure Treatment for Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Background:

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a prevalent condition, often regarded as the transitional phase between normal cognitive aging and early Alzheimer's disease. Conventional treatments for aMCI remain limited, with pharmacological interventions showing mixed results and often failing to halt disease progression. Electroacupuncture (EA), is believed to improve cognitive function in various neurodegenerative disorders, including aMCI. Randomized controlled trials have also reported that acupuncture can positively influence cognitive function by promoting cerebral blood flow and modulating neurotransmitter activity, potentially offering a non-pharmacological approach to managing aMCI. However, robust clinical trials are lacking, and there is a need to assess the feasibility and efficacy of EA in treating aMCI. This pilot study aims to determine the preliminary efficacy of EA in improving cognitive function, and to evaluate the feasibility of the study design for future large-scale trials.

Methods:

This trial will be a multicenter, assessor- and data analyst-blind, pilot randomized controlled trial. A total of 24 participants aged 55-75 years, diagnosed with aMCI, will be recruited and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio into either the EA treatment group or a control group. Participants in the EA group will receive electroacupuncture at specific acupoints, while the control group will not undergo any intervention. The intervention will last 4 weeks, with two EA sessions per week, a total of 8 sessions. Assessments will be conducted at three time points: baseline, post-treatment (Week 4), and follow-up (Week 6). All participants will continue their standard medical care throughout the trial.

The primary outcome will be the change in cognitive function as measured by the Hong Kong version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA). Secondary outcomes will include changes in the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and verbal fluency test, focusing on the memory domain. Safety and adverse events will be monitored throughout the study via follow-up assessments and questionnaires. Statistical analyses, including linear mixed models (LMM), will be performed using R and SPSS software, adhering to the intention-to-treat principle.

Expected Outcomes:

This pilot study is expected to provide preliminary data on the efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture in improving cognitive function in patients with aMCI. It will also assess the feasibility of conducting a larger-scale trial, including participant recruitment, adherence to the intervention, and the acceptability of outcome measures. Findings from this study will offer insights into the therapeutic potential of acupuncture and inform the design of future trials aimed at exploring its role as an alternative or complementary treatment for aMCI.

Ethical Considerations:

Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Hong Kong Baptist University (REC/23-24/0234). All participants will provide written informed consent before enrollment, and their confidentiality and safety will be prioritized throughout the study.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosed with an aMCI according to the Hong Kong version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA)
2. With a Clinical Dementia Scale (CDR) score of 0.5, with the memory domain larger than 0
3. Within the age range of 55 to 75 years old
4. With visual and auditory acuity adequate for neuropsychological testing
5. Under a stable medical condition for 3 months prior to screening and baseline assessment
6. Under stable medications for 4 weeks before screening and baseline assessment

Exclusion Criteria:

1. With concurrent conditions that could contribute to the cognitive deficits, including any type of dementia including Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, or any major psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, delirium, psychosis, etc.
2. With concurrent depression, anxiety, or suicidal thoughts within the past year
3. With concurrent major neurological conditions, including stroke, epilepsy and seizures, etc.
4. Currently immunocompromised due to receiving treatment for tumor, receiving immunosuppressive therapy, primary immunodeficiency, HIV infection, receiving high dose corticosteroids, etc
5. With bleeding disorders, including hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, vitamin K deficiency, etc.
6. With active neoplastic disease
7. Currently pregnant
8. Received acupuncture treatment for aMCI within a month before baseline assessment
9. Experienced severe allergy after receiving acupuncture treatment