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This project aims to study the effects of different protein quality (i.e. high vs. low) and protein sources (i.e. plant protein vs. conventional animal protein) on post-meal satiety and satisfaction. The protein quality score of meals will be calculated using the published digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS). The proposed study will investigate the link between protein quality, protein source, and the post-meal satiety responses, using a realistic lunch meal approach, in humans. Other than the self-reported visual analogue scale (VAS) satiety response, the postprandial glucose dips (i.e. 2-3hours post-meal) will be collected by continuous glucose monitoring (CGMS) as an objective indicator of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake. In addition, the oral processing behaviours of participants will be captured and compared between the test meals.
Aim: To investigate how differences in protein quality (i.e. high vs low quality) and protein sources (i.e. plant vs animal proteins) influence the satisfaction, satiety responses (fullness over the time) and subsequent food intake.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Animal Protein | Active Comparator | A standardized typical lunch test meal consists of an animal-based protein source (Animal Protein). The total weight of meal, total energy served, as well as energy from macronutrients are standardized across the three test meals. |
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| Plant Protein 1 with lower DIAAS Score (lower protein quality) | Active Comparator | A standardized typical lunch test meal consists of a plant-based protein source with a lower DIAAS Score (Plant protein 1- lower protein quality). The total weight of meal, total energy served, as well as energy from macronutrients are standardized across the three test meals. |
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| Plant Protein 2 with higher DIAAS Score (higher protein quality) | Active Comparator | A standardized typical lunch test meal consists of a plant-based protein source with a higher DIAAS Score (Plant protein 2- higher protein quality). The total weight of meal, total energy served, as well as energy from macronutrients are standardized across the three test meals. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral: Post- meal satiety and subsequent ad-libitum meal energy intake | Other | Investigate differences in post meal satiety and subsequent post meal energy intake after consuming fixed portion meals with different protein source and/ or different protein quality |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Post-Prandial Sensor Glucose Readings | A continuous monitoring glucose sensor will be used to measure participants sensor glucose readings. The post-prandial sensor glucose readings 2-3h post meal will be used as an objective indicator of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake. | During the test day 2, 5, 8, up to 48 hours per test day. There is a one-week wash-out period between test days |
| Oral processing behaviour | Participants will be video recorded during the lunch sessions to measure oral processing behavior (e.g., derived from number of bites, chews, swallows and eating duration) of the fixed portion test meals using an annotation software | During test day 2, 5 and 8, up to 20 minutes per test day. There is a one-week wash-out period between test days |
| Change in Post breakfast satiety responses | Participants will be asked rate their appetite sensations using a visual analogue scale (VAS) pre- and post meals. VAS is anchored at: Not at all (0) to Extremely (100), where a higher score will indicate greater intensity. | During test day 2, 5 and 8, at 15- or 30-minutes intervals, up to 4 hours each test day. There is a one-week wash-out period between test days |
| Ad-libitum snack intake | Participants will be asked to eat an ad-libitum amount of snack 2h post lunch. The amount of food consumed will be weighed. | During test day 2, 5, and 8, up to 15 minutes per test day. There is a one-week wash-out period between test days |
| Subsequent food intake post test meal | Participants will be asked to bring a food dairy home to record their food and beverage intake for the rest of the test day. This is to assess participants calorie intake for the remaining day on the test session. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pey Sze Teo, PhD | Contact | +65 64070497 | Teo_Pey_Sze@sifbi.a-star.edu.sg | |
| Amanda Lim, BSc | Contact | 64070423 | amanda_lim@sifbi.a-star.edu.sg |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Pey Sze Teo, PhD | Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation | Principal Investigator |
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| During test day 2, 5 and 8, up to participant's bedtime per test day (before 12am midnight of the next day). There is a one-week wash-out period between test days |
| Change in Post lunch satiety responses | Participants will be asked rate their appetite sensations using a visual analogue scale (VAS) pre- and post meals. VAS is anchored at: Not at all (0) to Extremely(100), where a higher score will indicate greater intensity. | During test day 2, 5 and 8, at 15- or 30-minutes intervals, up to 2 hours each test day. There is a one-week wash-out period between test days |