All participants will receive standard postpartum care and recovery guidance, including routine examinations, health counseling, basic postpartum recovery recommendations, and educational information.

Participants will receive conventional pelvic floor rehabilitation therapy, which may include one or a combination of the following: magnetic stimulation therapy, electromyographic biofeedback therapy, and manual therapy. The specific treatment methods and frequency will be determined based on individual patient conditions.

All participants will receive standard postpartum care and recovery guidance, including routine examinations, health counseling, basic postpartum In addition to the same pelvic floor rehabilitation therapy as the control group, participants will receive breathing training. Before each session, participants will empty their bladder. The breathing training will be conducted under researcher supervision and guidance, with each session lasting 20 minutes, administered once daily, three times per week for 6 weeks. Participants are encouraged to perform the training in the hospital under researcher supervision. Those unable to attend in-person sessions may conduct home-based training after mastering the technique and must report their training status to researchers afterward. Researchers will monitor weekly training completion and provide timely reminders to ensure adherence. If dizziness or difficulty breathing occurs during training, participants must immediately discontinue the session.

All participants will receive standard postpartum care and recovery guidance, including routine examinations, health counseling, basic postpartum r In addition to the same pelvic floor rehabilitation therapy as the control group, participants will receive breathing training. Before each session, participants will empty their bladder. The breathing training will be conducted under researcher supervision and guidance, with each session lasting 20 minutes, administered once daily, three times per week for 6 weeks. Participants are encouraged to perform the training in the hospital under researcher supervision. Those unable to attend in-person sessions may conduct home-based training after mastering the technique and must report their training status to researchers afterward. Researchers will monitor weekly training completion and provide timely reminders to ensure adherence. If dizziness or difficulty breathing occurs during training, participants must immediately discontinue the session.

The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), developed by the International Continence Society (ICS), serves as the standardized assessment tool. This 4-domain questionnaire evaluates:

Frequency of urine leakage Volume of leakage Impact on daily life Timing of leakage

Severity Grading (based on first 3 domains):

Mild: Total score ≤7 Moderate: 7 < score ≤14 Severe: 14 < score ≤21

Pelvic floor muscle strength was assessed using the Modified Oxford Scale (MOS), a grading system originally developed by medical researchers at the University of Oxford to differentiate between varying levels of muscle strength. In this study, the MOS was employed to evaluate changes in pelvic floor muscle strength before and after treatment, and to guide decisions regarding the application of resistance during therapy. The standardized assessment procedure required patients to empty their bladder and assume the lithotomy position while relaxing their abdominal, gluteal, and thigh muscles. Following proper perineal disinfection and while wearing sterile gloves, the therapist inserted the index and middle fingers 4-6 cm into the vagina to palpate at the 5 and 7 o'clock positions. Patients were then instructed to perform maximal voluntary contractions of their pelvic floor muscles, with the therapist evaluating the muscle activity according to MOS criteria. All assessment data were sys