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The aim of this study is to compare the oral health findings, salivary parameters and pediatric oral health related quality of life of children with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) with healthy children
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the function of cilia, which are tiny hair-like structures responsible for moving mucus and other substances in the respiratory tract and other parts of the body. Dysfunctional cilia lead to impaired mucociliary clearance, resulting in chronic respiratory infections, sinusitis, and bronchiectasis. PCD can also cause situs inversus, where internal organs are mirrored from their normal positions, and other complications like chronic otitis media and fertility issues. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent progressive lung damage and improve the quality of life in affected individuals.
This study aims to compare the oral and dental health of children diagnosed with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) to that of healthy controls. The study includes assessments of dental caries (using DMFT, dmft, and ICDAS II indices), salivary parameters (flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, oxidant-antioxidant levels, tissue factor activity), enamel defects (using the Modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index), and oral hygiene (gingival and plaque indices). The Pediatric Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (POQL) scale will be used to evaluate the impact of oral health on quality of life.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Children with primary ciliary dyskinesia group | It is a group of patients between the ages of 6 and 17 who have recently been diagnosed with primary ciliary dyskinesia |
| |
| healthy patient group | Healthy children aged between 6 and 17 years, with no systemic diseases and not taking any regular medications. |
| |
| Parents of children with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia group | Parents of children aged 6-17 with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia |
| |
| Parents of healthy children group | Parents of children aged 6-17 healthy children |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| physical and chemical methods | Diagnostic Test | Salivary flow rate, pH |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Quality of Life (QoL) | The Pediatric Oral Health Quality of Life (POQL) Scale is used to measure how oral heThe Pediatric Oral Health Quality of Life (POQL) Scale measures the impact of oral health on a child's quality of life. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a worse outcome, reflecting a greater negative impact of oral health on daily life and well-being.alth impacts a child's daily activities, well-being, and overall quality of life. | baseline |
| Oral Health Status: DMFT/dft Index | DMFT/dft Index: Reported as numerical values representing the number of decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) teeth in the permanent (DMFT) and primary (dft) dentition. These values will reflect the overall dental health of participants by quantifying the extent of caries and treatment. | baseline |
| Oral Health Status: Gingival Index (GI) | Gingival Index (GI): Reported as numerical values indicating the severity of gingival inflammation. GI scores range from 0 (healthy) to 3 (severe inflammation), giving insight into the participants' gum health. | baseline |
| Oral Health Status: Developmental Defect of Enamel (DDE) Index | Developmental Defect of Enamel (DDE) Index: Presented as the percentage of participants with observed enamel defects. This percentage helps quantify how many children experience developmental issues affecting enamel quality. | baseline |
| Oral Health Status: Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) | Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE): Reported as the percentage of participants showing signs of erosive tooth wear. The BEWE score categorizes wear and provides a general picture of tooth surface loss due to erosion. | baseline |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Being followed up for a diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Bulent Karadag | Marmara University Faculty of Medicine | Study Chair |
| Ela Erdem Eralp | Marmara University Faculty of Medicine | Study Chair |
| Yasemin Gokdemir | Marmara University Faculty of Medicine | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry | Istanbul | Maltepe | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41221835 | Derived | Oztuna EK, Peker S, Eralp EE, Gokdemir Y, Karadag B. Oral Health Status and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2025 Nov;60(11):e71370. doi: 10.1002/ppul.71370. |
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Saliva
| biochemical methods | Diagnostic Test | Total oxidant and antioxidant capacities, Lactoperoxidase, Oxidative Stress Index, Glutathione, Superoxide Dismutase |
|
| Oral Findings | Diagnostic Test | DMFT/dft Index: Measures decayed, missing, and filled teeth. ICDAS II: International Caries Detection and Assessment System, used for detecting and assessing dental caries. DDE Index: Developmental Defects of Enamel index.GI (Gingival Index): Assesses the severity of gingivitis based on inflammation.PI (Plaque Index): Assesses the severity of plaque based on inflammation. basic erosive wear examination: measures dental erosion |
|
| Pediatric Oral Health Quality of Life | Diagnostic Test | The Pediatric Oral Health Quality of Life (POQL) Scale is a tool used to assess the impact of oral health conditions on the overall quality of life in children. |
|
| Oral Health Status: International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II) | International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II): Expressed as the percentage of participants with caries at various stages, from early demineralization to advanced decay. This system provides a nuanced view of the caries progression within the population. | baseline |
| Salivary Analysis: Glutathione (GSH) and Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) | Glutathione (GSH): Reported in µmol/L, measuring the concentration of this antioxidant. Lipid Peroxidation (LPO): Reported in µmol/L as malondialdehyde equivalents, indicating lipid peroxidation. | baseline |
| Salivary Analysis: Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) | Total Antioxidant Status (TAS): Measured in µmol Trolox/L, indicating the saliva's antioxidant capacity. | baseline |
| Salivary Analysis: Total Oxidant Status (TOS) | Total Oxidant Status (TOS): Expressed in µmol H₂O₂/L, reflecting oxidative stress in saliva. | baseline |
| Salivary Analysis: Salivary Flow Rate | Salivary Flow Rate: Measured in mL/min, representing the volume of saliva produced. | baseline |
| Salivary Analysis: Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) | Superoxide Dismutase (SOD): Reported in U/mg protein, showing enzyme activity in neutralizing superoxide radicals. | baseline |
| Salivary Analysis: Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) | Oxidative Stress Index (OSI): Calculated as the ratio of TOS to TAS, representing oxidative stress. | baseline |
| Oral Health Status: Plaque Index (PI) | Plaque Index (PI): Also reported as numerical values, representing the amount of plaque accumulation on the teeth. Like the GI, PI helps assess oral hygiene levels. | baseline |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002925 | Ciliary Motility Disorders |
| D003731 | Dental Caries |
| D014077 | Tooth Erosion |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D010038 | Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases |
| D000072661 | Ciliopathies |
| D000015 | Abnormalities, Multiple |
| D000013 | Congenital Abnormalities |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |
| D030342 | Genetic Diseases, Inborn |
| D017001 | Tooth Demineralization |
| D014076 | Tooth Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |
| D057085 | Tooth Wear |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010808 | Physical Examination |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
| D003933 | Diagnosis |
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