How Does the Type of Waveform Affect Tolerability With Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation?

How Does the Type of Waveform Affect Tolerability With Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation?

The purpose of this research study is to investigate the effects of different forms of a gentle form of electrical stimulation applied to the ear, known as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). The research team is interested in how the different forms affect comfort and tolerability, as well as how well it works.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. between the ages of 18-80 years
2. English speaking (must be able to consent and complete the interviews in English)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. chronic pain (average intensity >2/10 on 0-10 scale, for longer than 3 months)
2. acute pain of intensity greater than 3/10
3. chronic inflammatory conditions that are poorly controlled (e.g., diabetes, autoimmune disease)
4. any unstable medical condition or medical contraindication to moderate physical exertion (e.g., unstable angina or cardiac arrythmia)
5. pregnancy
6. currently taking Buprenorphine or recently stopped taking (within 1 month)
7. presence of cognitive impairment or language barrier that impairs full autonomy in the consent process or in the ability to participate in detailed interviews
8. implants in the head or neck, cochlear implants, or pacemaker
9. head or neck metastasis or recent ear trauma
10. history of epilepsy
11. history of autonomic nervous system dysfunction (e.g., postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome).