This study aims to understand how using bedside ultrasound in the intensive care unit (ICU) can improve diagnosis and treatment for critically ill patients. When patients are admitted to the ICU, doctors usually rely on various tests and assessments, such as the APACHE-II score, to estimate the severity of their condition and predict their chances of survival. In addition to these tests, we will use bedside ultrasound to examine the lungs, heart, vena cava (a large vein), and optic nerve, which can give us important information about the patient's condition.

By using ultrasound, we can look for things like fluid in the lungs, heart function, or increased pressure in the brain. Based on what we find with the ultrasound, we may adjust treatments, such as changing the amount of fluids given or starting new medications.

We will also compare each patient's condition on the first day and the fifth day, using both ultrasound findings and their APACHE-II score, to see if the ultrasound results have influenced their care and outcomes. The study will include 40 patients, and we will track their progress, including how long they stay on mechanical ventilation, how long they are in the hospital, and their survival after 28 days.

This research will help us learn more about how ultrasound can help doctors make better decisions in the ICU, leading to improved care for critically ill patients.

### Detailed Description for Clinical Trials

This prospective observational study focuses on the routine use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and its impact on diagnosis, treatment decisions, and patient outcomes. Bedside ultrasound is increasingly recommended in ICU settings because it provides non-invasive, repeatable, and immediate diagnostic information that can guide the management of critically ill patients.

Upon admission, all ICU patients will undergo an initial assessment, including routine tests such as the APACHE-II score, which helps to estimate the severity of illness and predict the likelihood of survival. The goal of this study is to evaluate how POCUS, in addition to standard care, influences patient outcomes and whether it provides any additional diagnostic information that changes the treatment plan.

Key components of the study include:

1. **Initial Evaluation:**

   • All patients will have their medical history taken, undergo a physical examination, and have blood tests performed, which are standard for ICU patients. These will be used to calculate the APACHE-II score.
   • In addition to routine care, each patient will be evaluated with POCUS, including:
   • **Lung Ultrasound (LUS):** The lungs will be divided into six regions (upper and lower parts of the anterior, lateral, and posterolateral thoracic walls) to check for conditions such as lung consolidation, edema, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax.
   • **Cardiac Ultrasound:** The heart will be examined for valvular pathologies, fractional shortening (FS), pericardial effusion, and inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter to assess volume status using the collapsibility and distensibility index.
   • **Optic Nerve Ultrasound:** The optic nerve sheath diameter will be measured to evaluate intracranial pressure.

2. **Changes in Diagnosis and Treatment:**

   • Based on the findings from the ultrasound, the treatment plan may be modified. For example, if the ultrasound reveals fluid overload or inadequate volume, the amount of intravenous fluids may be adjusted. If lung ultrasound shows consolidations, adjustments to patient positioning or additional interventions may be made. Similarly, changes in cardiac ultrasound may result in modifying inotropic or vasodilator therapy, and optic nerve measurements may influence treatments for brain edema.
   • After 5 days, the patients will undergo another ultrasound, and their APACHE-II score will be recalculated to assess the effectiveness of the treatments and any changes in patient prognosis.

3. **Outcome Measurement:**

   • The study will follow 40 patients over a 28-day period. Outcomes will be evaluated by comparing the initial and subsequent ultrasound findings, changes in treatment, and the predicted mortality rates based on the APACHE-II score.
   • Secondary outcomes will include the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, and 28-day mortality.
   • The study will also assess the impact of ultrasound on specific organ systems:
   • **Respiratory System:** LUS, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and PaCO2 levels will be monitored to assess lung function.
   • **Cardiovascular System:** Intravascular volume will be evaluated using vena cava ultrasound, while heart failure will be assessed with FS and LUS scores.
   • **Intracranial Pressure:** The optic nerve sheath diameter will be used to monitor changes in intracranial pressure.

The primary objective of this study is to determine whether bedside ultrasound can provide additional diagnostic information that significantly impacts treatment decisions and improves patient outcomes in the ICU. The secondary aim is to evaluate the effect of ultrasound on the functionality of different organ systems and how it contributes to overall patient prognosis and survival.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients over the age of 18 who are admitted to intensive care
• Patients who have been in intensive care for more than 5 days

Exclusion Criteria:

• Being pregnant
• Patients with head trauma
• Acute renal failure

Patients admitted to intensive care over the age of 18 and who have been in intensive care for more than 5 days