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Esketamine is a commonly used analgesic during cesarean delivery, but may produce transient neuropsychiatric symptoms. Dexmedetomidine has both sedative and analgesic effects. When used in combination with esketamine, dexmedetomidine can reduce esketamine related neuropsychiatric effects after general anesthesia. The investigator speculate that combining low-dose dexmedetomidine with esketamine may also reduce neuropsychiatric adverse effects of esketamine in women undergoing cesarean section. This pilot trial is designed to determine the minimum dose of dexmedetomidine that can effectively prevent neuropsychiatric side effects of antidepressive dose esketamine (0.2mg/kg) in women undergoing cesarean delivery.
Esketamine is a commonly used anesthetic and analgesic drug during the perioperative period. Recent studies found that low-dose esketamine has rapid onset antidepressant effects and reduces postpartum depression when administered during cesarean delivery. However, even low-dose esketamine produces transient neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Dexmedetomidine is a high selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and has both sedative and analgesic effects. When used in combination with esketamine, dexmedetomidine reduces esketamine related neuropsychiatric adverse reactions in patients undergoing general anesthesia.
The investigator speculate that combining low-dose dexmedetomidine with esketamine may also reduce neuropsychiatric adverse effects of esketamine in women undergoing cesarean delivery. The purpose of this pilot trial is to determine the minimum dose of dexmedetomidine that can effectively prevent neuropsychiatric side effects of antidepressve dose esketamine (0.2mg/kg) in women undergoing cesarean delivery.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Esketamine 0.2 mg/kg | Active Comparator | Esketamine 0.2 mg/kg is diluted in 20 ml normal saline and infused over 40 minutes after clamping the umbilical cord. |
|
| Esketamine 0.2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 0.1 µg/kg | Experimental | A mixture of esketamine 0.2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 0.1 µg/kg is diluted in 20 ml normal saline and infused over 40 minutes after clamping the umbilical cord. |
|
| Esketamine 0.2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 0.15 µg/kg | Experimental | A mixture of esketamine 0.2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 0.15 µg/kg is diluted in 20 ml normal saline and infused over 40 minutes after clamping the umbilical cord. |
|
| Esketamine 0.2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 0.2 µg/kg | Experimental | A mixture of esketamine 0.2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 0.2 µg/kg is diluted in 20 ml normal saline and infused over 40 minutes after clamping the umbilical cord. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Esketamine 0.2 mg/kg | Drug | Esketamine 0.2 mg/kg is diluted in 20 ml normal saline and infused over 40 minutes after clamping the umbilical cord. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Incidence of dissociation within 24 hours. | Dissociative symptoms is assessed with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS; scores range from 0 to 92, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms) at the end of study drug infusion and at 1, 2, and 24 hours after study drug infusion. A CADSS score of >4 points at any timepoint indicates occurrence of dissociative symptoms. | Up to 24 hours after study drug infusion. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Severity of dissociative symptoms at different timepoints within 24 hours. | Dissociation symptoms is assessed with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS; scores range from 0 to 92, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms) at the end of study drug infusion and at 1, 2, and 24 hours after study drug infusion. | Up to 24 hours after study drug infusion. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Duration of sedation within 24 hours. | Agitation-sedation level is assessed with the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS, score ranges from -5 [unarousable] to 4 [combative] and 0 indicates alert and calm) and recorded every 5 minutes during, every 10 minutes after, and at 2 hours and 24 hours after study drug infusion. A RASS score of <-1 is defined as presence of sedation. | Up to 24 hours after study drug infusion. |
Inclusion criteria:
Exclusion criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Dong-Xin Wang, M.D., PhD. | Peking University First Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peking University First Hospital | Beijing | Beijing Municipality | 100034 | China |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9479681 | Background | Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Putnam FW, Southwick SM, Marmar C, Charney DS, Mazure CM. Measurement of dissociative states with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS). J Trauma Stress. 1998 Jan;11(1):125-36. doi: 10.1023/A:1024465317902. | |
| 26063213 | Background | Keating GM. Dexmedetomidine: A Review of Its Use for Sedation in the Intensive Care Setting. Drugs. 2015 Jul;75(10):1119-30. doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0419-5. |
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A randomized, double-blind, pilot trial
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| Esketamine 0.2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 0.1 µg/kg | Drug | A mixture of esketamine 0.2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 0.1 µg/kg is diluted in 20 ml normal saline and infused over 40 minutes after clamping the umbilical cord. |
|
| Esketamine 0.2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 0.15 µg/kg | Drug | A mixture of esketamine 0.2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 0.15 µg/kg is diluted in 20 ml normal saline and infused over 40 minutes after clamping the umbilical cord. |
|
| Esketamine 0.2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 0.2 µg/kg | Drug | A mixture of esketamine 0.2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 0.2 µg/kg is diluted in 20 ml normal saline and infused over 40 minutes after clamping the umbilical cord. |
|
| Prevelance of dissociation at different timepoints within 24 hours. | Dissociation symptoms is assessed with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS; scores range from 0 to 92, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms) at the end of study drug infusion and at 1, 2, and 24 hours after study drug infusion. | Up to 24 hours after study drug infusion. |
| Incidence of neuropsychiatric adverse events within 24 hours. | Neuropsychiatric symptoms are evaluated with a structured checklist at 5-minute intervals during, at 10-minute intervals after, and at 2 and 24 hours after study drug infusion. Severity of symptoms is classified as mild (report symptoms on inquiry), moderate (report symptoms without inquiry), or severe (required intervention such as stop study drug infusion and/or give medications). A severity of moderate or above is recorded as presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. | Up to 24 hours after study drug infusion. |
| Prevalence of neuropsychiatric adverse events at different timepoints within 24 hours. | Neuropsychiatric symptoms are evaluated with a structured checklist every 5 minutes during, every 10 minutes after, and at 2 and 24 hours after study drug infusion. Severity of symptoms is classified as mild (report symptoms on inquiry), moderate (report symptoms without inquiry), or severe (required intervention such as stop study drug infusion and/or give medications). A severity of moderate or above is defined as presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. | Up to 24 hours after study drug infusion. |
| Pain intensity within 7 days postpartum. | Pain intensity is assessed with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS; an 11-point scale where 0=no pain and 10=the worst pain), both at rest and with movement, at 2 and 24 hours after study drug infusion and at 7 days postpartum. | Up 7 days postpartum. |
| Proportion of exclusive breastfeeding. | Proportion of exclusive breastfeeding at 24 hours and 7 days postpartum. | Up to 7 days postpartum. |
| Length of stay in hospital after surgery. | Length of stay in hospital after surgery. | Up to 7 days postpartum. |
| Maternal and neonatal complications within 7 days. | Maternal and neonatal complications are defined as any medical conditions that required hospital visits and therapeutic intervention. | Up to 7 days postpartum. |
| Maternal depression score at 7 days postpartum. | Maternal depression is assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; scores range from 0 to 30, with higher score indicating more severe depression) at 7 days postpartum. An EPDS score of ≥10 is defined as having depressive symptoms. | At 7 days postpartum. |
| 29282469 | Background | Daly EJ, Singh JB, Fedgchin M, Cooper K, Lim P, Shelton RC, Thase ME, Winokur A, Van Nueten L, Manji H, Drevets WC. Efficacy and Safety of Intranasal Esketamine Adjunctive to Oral Antidepressant Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Feb 1;75(2):139-148. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3739. |
| 29736744 | Background | Molero P, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Martin-Santos R, Calvo-Sanchez E, Gutierrez-Rojas L, Meana JJ. Antidepressant Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Critical Review. CNS Drugs. 2018 May;32(5):411-420. doi: 10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3. |
| 35185548 | Background | Lu X, Tang L, Lan H, Li C, Lin H. A Comparison of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine, Esketamine or a Dexmedetomidine-Esketamine Combination for Induction of Anaesthesia in Children: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Jan 27;12:808930. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.808930. eCollection 2021. |
| 33991996 | Background | Mello RP, Echegaray MVF, Jesus-Nunes AP, Leal GC, Magnavita GM, Vieira F, Caliman-Fontes AT, Telles M, Guerreiro-Costa LNF, Souza-Marques B, Bandeira ID, Santos-Lima C, Marback RF, Correia-Melo FS, Lacerda ALT, Quarantini LC. Trait dissociation as a predictor of induced dissociation by ketamine or esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: Secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2021 Jun;138:576-583. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.014. Epub 2021 May 8. |
| 37302963 | Background | Zhang Y, Cui F, Ma JH, Wang DX. Mini-dose esketamine-dexmedetomidine combination to supplement analgesia for patients after scoliosis correction surgery: a double-blind randomised trial. Br J Anaesth. 2023 Aug;131(2):385-396. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.05.001. Epub 2023 Jun 9. |
| 38808490 | Background | Wang S, Deng CM, Zeng Y, Chen XZ, Li AY, Feng SW, Xu LL, Chen L, Yuan HM, Hu H, Yang T, Han T, Zhang HY, Jiang M, Sun XY, Guo HN, Sessler DI, Wang DX. Efficacy of a single low dose of esketamine after childbirth for mothers with symptoms of prenatal depression: randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2024 Apr 10;385:e078218. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-078218. |
| 38911034 | Background | Yang JR, Li YY, Ran TJ, Lin XY, Xu JY, Zhou SL, Huang PJ. Esketamine Combined with Dexmedetomidine to reduce Visceral Pain During elective Cesarean Section Under Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia: A double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2024 Jun 18;18:2381-2392. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S460924. eCollection 2024. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C000629870 | Esketamine |
| D020927 | Dexmedetomidine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007093 | Imidazoles |
| D001393 | Azoles |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
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