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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates University | OTHER |
| Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi | OTHER |
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This is a retrospective study of End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) patients on dialysis receiving apixaban or warfarin at Tawam Hospital [a tertiary care hospital in Al Ain, UAE]. The study aims to assess the appropriateness of prescribing apixaban and warfarin in this population and evaluate their safety and effectiveness.
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), including apixaban, are used for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and for venous thromboembolism (VTE) management. Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on dialysis face elevated risks of thromboembolic events and bleeding. While apixaban is FDA-approved for use in this population, its safety and efficacy compared to warfarin are not well established in this vulnerable population.
This retrospective observational study aims to assess the prescribing appropriateness of apixaban compared to warfarin and evaluate their safety and effectiveness in a cohort of ESKD patients undergoing dialysis. This study will include ESKD patients on dialysis receiving apixaban or warfarin at Tawam Hospital from May 1, 2018, to January 31, 2024. Data on demographics, anticoagulant dosing, therapy duration, bleeding events, CHA2DS2-VASc score, HAS-BLED score, and thromboembolic events will be collected. Safety will be assessed by bleeding incidents, and effectiveness will be measured by VTE and stroke events. Dose appropriateness was evaluated according to FDA guidelines for apixaban and INR targets for warfarin. Data will be collected for eligible patients through electronic medical records (EMR).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apixaban arm | Patient who were receiving warfarin while on dialysis |
| |
| Warfarin arm | Patient who were receiving warfarin while on dialysis |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apixaban | Drug | Apixaban is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) that inhibits factor Xa, playing a crucial role in preventing blood clot formation. It is commonly prescribed for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and for treating and preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events [Safety and Tolerability] | Safety will be assessed by Major/Minor bleeding incidents based on International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) criteria | From date of enrollment until the date of first bleeding event or date of death from any cause, whichever came first, assessed up to 6 months |
| Effectiveness: VTE | Effectiveness will be measured by VTE events based on documented radiography and/or wells score for PE/DVT | From date of enrollment until the date of first documented VTE event or date of death from any cause, whichever came first, assessed up to 6 months |
| Effectiveness: Stroke | The primary outcome is the occurrence of stroke events in the study population, confirmed through clinical evaluation (e.g., neurological assessment) and imaging (CT or MRI). Data will be collected and reported as the number of patients experiencing stroke events during the study period. The incidence will be further categorized by stroke type (ischemic or hemorrhagic) and the severity of the event, using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) for assessment. Aggregated data will include the total number of stroke events, time to occurrence, and any associated patient outcomes (e.g., mortality, disability). | From date of enrollment until the date of first documented Stroke event or date of death from any cause, whichever came first, assessed up to 6 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Dose appropriateness | This measure will evaluate the dose appropriateness of apixaban and warfarin in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on dialysis. For apixaban, dose appropriateness will be assessed based on FDA dosing guidelines for patients with renal impairment, including dosage adjustments for specific clinical factors (e.g., age, weight, and concurrent medications). For warfarin, dose appropriateness will be evaluated using the target International Normalized Ratio (INR) range for stroke prevention or VTE management. The data will be aggregated and reported as the number and percentage of patients receiving guideline-concordant doses. In cases where dosing is not appropriate, discrepancies will be documented and analyzed. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Non-pregnant Adult (≥ 18 years), CKD-on-dialysis patients receiving Apixaban or Warfarin for at least 1 month
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mosab Albalas, PharmD | Tawam Hospital | Study Director |
| Said Nabil, MS, PharmD | Abu Dhabi Health Services Co. SEHA | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SEHA Tawam Hospital | Al Ain City | Abu Dhabi Emirate | United Arab Emirates |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34078109 | Result | Kelly DM, Ademi Z, Doehner W, Lip GYH, Mark P, Toyoda K, Wong CX, Sarnak M, Cheung M, Herzog CA, Johansen KL, Reinecke H, Sood MM. Chronic Kidney Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease: Consensus and Guidance From a KDIGO Controversies Conference. Stroke. 2021 Jul;52(7):e328-e346. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029680. Epub 2021 Jun 3. | |
| 25040558 |
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| Warfarin | Drug | Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist widely used as an anticoagulant to prevent thromboembolic events, particularly in conditions like atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, and in patients with mechanical heart valves. It inhibits the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase, thereby reducing the activation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) and regulatory proteins C and S. Due to its narrow therapeutic index, warfarin requires regular monitoring of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) to optimize anticoagulation while minimizing the risk of bleeding. Warfarin's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics can be influenced by genetic polymorphisms, diet, and drug interactions, necessitating individualized dosing strategies. |
|
| Up to 6 months |
| Christiansen CF, Schmidt M, Lamberg AL, Horvath-Puho E, Baron JA, Jespersen B, Sorensen HT. Kidney disease and risk of venous thromboembolism: a nationwide population-based case-control study. J Thromb Haemost. 2014 Sep;12(9):1449-54. doi: 10.1111/jth.12652. Epub 2014 Jul 29. |
| 33073581 | Result | Cheung CYS, Parikh J, Farrell A, Lefebvre M, Summa-Sorgini C, Battistella M. Direct Oral Anticoagulant Use in Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis Patients With Venous Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review of Thrombosis and Bleeding Outcomes. Ann Pharmacother. 2021 Jun;55(6):711-722. doi: 10.1177/1060028020967635. Epub 2020 Oct 19. |
| 32538234 | Result | Chen A, Stecker E, A Warden B. Direct Oral Anticoagulant Use: A Practical Guide to Common Clinical Challenges. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jul 7;9(13):e017559. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017559. Epub 2020 Jun 15. |
| 33709339 | Result | Chen HY, Ou SH, Huang CW, Lee PT, Chou KJ, Lin PC, Su YC. Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Warfarin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Drug Investig. 2021 Apr;41(4):341-351. doi: 10.1007/s40261-021-01016-7. Epub 2021 Mar 11. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007676 | Kidney Failure, Chronic |
| D054556 | Venous Thromboembolism |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D051436 | Renal Insufficiency, Chronic |
| D051437 | Renal Insufficiency |
| D007674 | Kidney Diseases |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |
| D002908 | Chronic Disease |
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D013923 | Thromboembolism |
| D016769 | Embolism and Thrombosis |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C522181 | apixaban |
| D014859 | Warfarin |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015110 | 4-Hydroxycoumarins |
| D003374 | Coumarins |
| D001578 | Benzopyrans |
| D011714 | Pyrans |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D006574 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
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